Anatomy Final Information

What passes through the caval foramen?

Caudal vena cava

Where does the caudal vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

Caval foramen

What structures pass through the diaphragm?

1. Caudal vena cava 2. aorta 3. azygous vein 4. thoracic duct 5. esophagus 6. vagal nerve trunks 7. esophageal vessels

What passes through the esophageal hiatus?

1. esophagus 2. vagal nerve trunks 3. esophageal vessels

What passes through the aortic hiatus?

1. aorta 2. azygous vein 3. thoracic duct

What is the main duct that stems DIRECTLY off of the gall bladder?

Cystic duct

What are the ducts that branch off the cystic duct off the gall bladder?

hepatic ducts

What is the name of the duct that forms when the last hepatic duct branches off?

bile duct

What side of the body is the spleen found?

Left

How many lobes does the liver have?

6

Which lobe of the liver contains a fossa for the gallbladder?

Right medial lobe

Which liver lobe is located between the left and right medial lobes?

quadrate lobe

Where does the caudal epigastric artery stem from?

deep femoral artery

What four vessels supply the abdominal wall?

1. cranial abdominal artery 2. cranial epigastric artery 3. caudal epigastric artery 4. deep circumflex iliac artery

What is the name of the vaginal process in the male?

vaginal tunic

What is the vaginal tunic?

a diverticulum of peritoneum in the male that encases the testis and spermatic cord

What is a diverticulum?

An outpouching that forms a sac

Where does the bladder lie when contracted?

Pelvic inlet

Is the diaphragm a muscle of inspiration or expiration?

Inspiration

What is the median ligament of the bladder?

ligament on midline of the bladder connecting it to the body. Does not actually contain urachus, rather it sat on top of this structure

What is the space between the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum called?

omentum bursa

What is the omental bursa?

the space between the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum

What is the purpose of the greater omentum?

chemotactic properties

Is the falciform ligament a fetal structure?

NO, it wrapped around a fetal structure

What fetal structure remnant did the falciform ligament encompass?

round ligament of the liver

Where is the ductus deferens in relation to the testicular artery/vein?

lateral (right next to)

What is parietal vaginal tunic?

the layer that surrounds the testis from the deep inguinal ring to the bottom of the scrotum

What is the visceral vaginal tunic?

the layer that is directly on the testis, ductus deferens, and epididymus

What is mesochorium?

connects mesentary of the testis holding vessels and nerves

What is the mesoductus deferens?

connects mesentary that attaches ductus deferens to body wall and to the mesochorium

What connects the tail of the epididymis to the testis?

proper ligament of the testis

What structures does the spermatic cord hold?

Ductus deferens, testicular artery, testicular vein

What is the testicular artery a branch off of?

aorta

What is the testicular vein a continuation of?

caudal vena vava

What covers the vessels and nerves of the testicles?

Mesochorium

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

to supply blood to the spermatic cord and testes

What does the ductus deferens connect to?

urethra

Where on the testis is the epididymis located?

Lateral side

What is the function of the epididymis?

transport sperm from testis to ductus deferens

What is the pampiniform plexus?

the testicular vein wrapped around the spermatic cord (ductus deferens and testicular artery)

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

to carry sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Trace a sperm from the earliest point to the urethra

testis -> head of epididymis -> body of epididymis -> tail of epididymis -> ductus deferens -> urethra

Where does the epididymis connect to the ductus deferens?

tail of the epididymis

What do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain?

mammae, prepuce, scrotum, and ventral abdominal wall

What is the difference between the abdominal cavity and the peritoneal cavity?

The peritoneal cavity lives within the abdominal cavity

What is the abdominal cavity bound by?

Diaphragm, ribs, and abdominal wall

What lines the abdominal cavity?

peritoneum

What is the peritoneal cavity?

the space between the visceral peritoneum on the organs of the abdomen and the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall

What organs are within the peritoneal cavity?

NONE

What is the visceral peritoneum?

present on visceral organs

What is the parietal peritoneum?

lining the abdominal cavity

What is connecting peritoneum?

extends between parietal and visceral peritoneum to form mesentary that suspends organs

What is mesoductus deferens?

the vaginal tunic that wraps around the ductus deferens to connect it to the body wall

What is the mesochorium?

the vaginal tunic that wraps around the pampiniform plexus (testicular vein) and testicular artery

What are the six lobes of the liver

1. Left lateral lobe 2. Left medial lobe 3. Quadrate lobe 4. Right medial lobe 5. right lateral lobe 6. Caudate lobe

How many lobes are within the liver?

6

How many parts are there to the pancreas?

3

What are the three parts of the pancreas?

1. right lobe 2. body 3. left lobe

What shape is the pancreas?

boomarang

Where does the pancreas sit?

Between the duodenum, cecum, and stomach

What are the two papilla present in the descending duodenum?

Major and minor duodenal papilla

What connects to the major duodenal papilla?

bile duct and pancreatic duct

What connects to the minor duodenal papilla?

accessory duct

Trace food from the top of the stomach to the rectum with as many large vocabulary parts as possible

1. esophagus 2. cardia 3. fundus (if sneaks to left side) or body of stomach 4. pylorus (through pyloric sphincter) 5. cranial duodenum 6. cranial duodenal flexure 7. descending duodenum 8. caudal duodenal flexure 9. ascending duodenum 10. duodenual-jejunal flexure 11. jejunum 12. ileum 13. cecum 14. ascending colon 15. right colic flexure 16. transverse colon 17. left colic flexure 18. descending colon 19. rectum

When does the colon become the rectum?

After it passes the pubis

How can you tell the ileum and jejunum apart grossly?

They connect where the antimesenteric artery is found

What are the two curvatures of the stomach?

Greater and lesser curvatures

Where is the greater curvature of the stomach?

Caudal border of the stomach

Where is the lesser curvature of the stomach?

cranial border of the stomach

What are the three major parts of the small intestine?

dudodenum, jejunum, ileum

What blood vessels supply the jejunum?

cranial mesenteric artery jejunal arteries

What does the cranial mesenteric artery supply?

jejunum

Where is the cecum found?

where the colon and ileum join

What is the ilocolic orriface?

where the ileum and colon join

What is the cecocolic oriface?

where the cecum and ascending colon join

Where can you find the adrenal glands?

cranial aspect of the kidney

Why does the adrenal gland have a deep groove on the ventral surface?

That is where the caudal phrenic vein and cranial abdominal veins lay

What is the ventral kidney covered by?

peritoneum

What is the dorsal kidney covered by?

idk but not peritoneum

What is the hilus?

a medial indentation where renal nerves, renal vessels, and ureters live

Explain the relationship in location between the right and left kidneys.

The right kidney is more cranial than the left

Where specifically does the right kidney live?

Opposite the first three lumbar vertebrae

Where specifically does the left kidney live?

opposite the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebrae

What is the renal sinus?

the fat filled center around the ureter expansion in the kidney

What is the renal pelvis?

the expanded part of the ureter directly poking into the kidney

What is the renal cortex?

the outer portion of the inside of the kidney

What is the renal medulla?

The inner portion of the inside of the kidney filled with collecting tubes

What is the renal crest?

the "dip" of the ureter that opens into the kidney

What is the function of the renal crest?

collecting tubules excrete urine into renal pelvis

What is mesentery?

attaches intestines to dorsal body wall

What is the root of the mesentery?

A bunch of connecting peritoneum that connects at the dorsal body wall

What side of the body is the spleen on?

left

What side of the body is the pancreas on?

right

What side of the body is the stomach on?

left

What side of the body is the gall bladder on?

right

What is the gubernaculum?

the fetal structure responsible for pulling the gonads down into the scrotum if Y chromosome signals are present

Where does the gubernaculum live?

within the vaginal tunic

Which ligament associated with the testis must be broken in a neuter?

Ligament of the tail of the epididymis which is the adult gubernaculum

What is the adult remnant of the gubernaculum in the male?

Ligament of the tail of the epididymis and proper ligament of the testis

What are the structures that make up the broad ligament?

mesometrium, mesosalpinx, and mesovarium

What two parts of the broad ligament are broken during a spay?

mesometrium and mesovarium

What must be cut for a spay?

1. Mesometrium 2. mesovarium 3. suspensory ligament 4. round ligament of the uterus 5. ovarian vein/artery 6. uterine artery 7. uterine body with horns at lowest point of cervix

How much of the uterus should be removed in a spay?

As much as possible

What is the double flip back of the mesothelium (mesovarium) around the ovary called?

mesosalpinx

What ligament holds the ovary in place to the body wall

suspensory ligament

What artery stems off the ovary?

ovarian artery

What does the ovarian artery become?

uterine artery

What artery supplies the vagina?

vaginal artery

What blood vessel supplies the uterine body?

uterine artery

What ligament connects the ovary and uterine horn?

proper ligament of the ovary

Where does the suspensory ligament attach?

medial to the last rib and to the ovary

What part flops over the mesometrium during a spay procedure?

round ligament of the uterus

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

remnant of the gubernaculum

What is the infindibulum?

the finger-like projection at the end of the oviduct that guides ova into the horn from the ovarian bursa

What is the ovarian bursa?

The space in which an ova is pushed from the ovary

What happens if an ova is fertilized in the ovarian bursa and escaped passed the infindibulum?

ectopic pregnacy

What is the strongest muscle in the body?

cervix

What is the difference between a closed neuter and an open neuter?

Closed neuter never exposes the peritoneal cavity to the environment (tie around all) whereas an open neuter opens it to tie all pieces individually

What are the pros of an open neuter?

Can tie each vessel individually to avoid slipping

Which neuter technique is "better" if you are in a sterile environment?

open

When should you not use open neuter technique?

in an environment that cannot be sterile and when patient is high risk (takes longer)

What are the pros of a closed neuter technique?

never expose peritoneal cavity to external environment

What are the cons of an open neuter technique?

takes longer, exposes peritoneal cavity to external environment

What are the cons of a closed neuter technique?

cannot guarantee that slippage wont occur

What is an intra-inguinal testicle?

testicle that gets stuck in inguinal canal while being pulled down by gubernaculum

What is an intra-abdominal testicle

testicle that gets stuck in abdominal cavity while being pulled down by gubernaculum

What is the epiploic foramen?

entry into the omental bursa

What is the root of the mesentary?

the point of the mesentary that is attached to the dorsal body wall

What is mesocolon?

mesentary that connects the colon parts to the dorsal body wall

What ganglion is associated with the major and minor splanchnic nerves?

celiacomesenteric ganglion caudal mesenteric ganglion

What do the hypogastric nerves run near as a landmark?

ureters

What blood vessel supplies the left cranial stomach?

left gastric artery

What blood vessel supplies the left caudal stomach?

left gastroepiploic artery

What blood vessel supplies the right cranial stomach?

right gastric artery

What blood vessel supplies the right caudal stomach?

right gastroepiploic artery

What is the function of the portal vein?

to return blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver

What does the splenic artery run through to get to the spleen?

pancreas when spleen is pulled to the right

What are the connecting peritoneum found in BOTH the male and female?

1. falciform ligament 2. round ligament of the liver 3. round ligament of the bladder 4. great omentum 5. mesoduodenum 6. all pieces of mesocolon

What are the connecting peritoneum found in the female only?

1. broad ligament (mesovarium, mesosapinx, mesometrium) 2. suspensory ligament of the ovary 3. round ligament of the uterus 4. proper ligament of the ovary

What are the connecting peritoneum found in the male only?

1. mesoductus deferens 2. mesochorium 3. proper ligament of the testis 4. ligament of the tail of the epididymis

What two flexures are associated with the colon and which part of the colon are they associated with?

Descending colon (left colic flexure); Ascending colon (right colic flexure)

What ligaments run over the internal iliac artery?

round ligaments of the bladder

What three arteries branch off of the celiac artery?

splenic, Left gastric, hepatic arteries

What artery swings around the bottom of the penis closest to the scrotum?

artery of the penis

What two veins come together to create the portal vein?

cranial and caudal mesenteric veins

What are the ilium and jejunum connected to the dorsal body wall by?

root of the mesentary

What are the terminal branches of the aorta?

internal/external iliac arteries (which turn into the internal pudendal and femoral arteries respectively)

What does the internal iliac artery turn into?

internal pudendal artery

What does the external iliac artery turn into?

femoral artery

What structures pass through the inguinal canal and are common in male and female?

genitofemoral nerve, external pudendal artery/vein, and vaginal tunic/process

What is the vaginal process?

equivalent of male vaginal tunic- surrounds female repro- peritoneum

What is the vaginal tunic?

peritoneum surrounding the spermatic cord and testis in the male

What are the two parts of the vaginal tunic?

mesochorium and mesoductus deferens

What artery supplies the bulb of the penis?

artery of the bulb of the penis

What artery supplies the corpus cavernosum?

deep artery of the penis

What artery supplies the glans penis?

dorsal artery of the penis

What is the os penis?

the ossified distal end of the corpus cavernosum

What are the two parts of the glans penis?

1. bulbus glandis 2. pars longa glandis

Is the bulbus glandis of the glans penis more proximal or distal?

proximal

Is the pars longa glandis of the glans penis more proximal or distal?

distal

What is the distal portion of the glans penis called?

pars longa glandis

What is the proximal part of the glans penis called?

bulbus glandis

What are the three sections of the penis?

1. glans penis 2. body of the penis 3. root of the penis (bulb)

Where does the bile duct drain?

into the major duodenal papilla within the descending duodenum

What two vessels run with the ureter into the kidney?

renal artery and renal vein

What are the four organs of the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Can you tie off the splenic artery to remove the spleen?

No, because that will cause the left caudal lobe of the stomach to lose blood supply

What does the splenic artery give rise to which makes spleen removal difficult?

left gastroepiploic artery

What do you need to tie off to remove the spleen?

all of the individual branches of the splenic artery going to the spleen

What is a portal system?

a capillary bed that is interposed between veins returning blood to the heart

Why cant blood from the GI tract, spleen, gallbladder, etc flow right into the caudal vena cava?

the blood must first enter the liver to be filtered (nutrients, drugs, toxins, etc) before going back to the heart

What it the spatial relationship of the urinary system, reproductive system, and rectum?

urinary is most ventral, reproductive system in the middle, and rectum is most dorsal

When does the os penis form?

about a month after birth

Where are the anal sacs in relation to the anus?

they sit bilaterally to the anus

Where do the anal sacs sit in relation to the external sphincter muscle?

medially (between the internal and external sphincter muscles)

What is the difference between the anal gland and anal sac?

The anal glands are located WITHIN the anal sac. The glands produce the fluid to which the sacs store the fluid

What are the two components of the prepuce?

smooth internal layer and haired external layer

What is the prepuce?

a double layer fold continuous with the abdominal skin that surrounds the glans penis

What part of the prepuce is reflected onto the penis during erection?

external layer

What is the function of the bulbus glandis during coitus?

it swells to create a locking mechanism

What is the genital fold?

the thin layer connecting the two ductus deferens

What are the two sphincters located in the rectum?

internal and external sphincters

How is the internal sphincter different than the external sphincter physically?

internal is smooth muscle whereas external is striated muscle

Where is the prostate gland located?

surrounding the neck of the bladder and beginning of the urethra

If you cut a cross section at the ROOT of the penis, what layers will you see (dorsal to ventral)?

urethra, corpus spongiosum, bulbs of penis, bulbospongiosus, retractor penis muscle

What does the bulbospongiosus surround?

bulb of the penis

What erectile tissue surrounds the urethra?

corpus spongiosum

What erectile tissue surrounds the bulb of the penis?

bulbospongiosus

What muscle surrounds the crus of the corpus cavernosum?

ischiocavernosus

What is the bulb of the penis?

the enlarged portion of the corpus spongiosum near the base of the penis

What artery is found within the superficial gluteal muscle?

cranial gluteal artery

Where can you find the cranial gluteal artery?

superficial gluteal muscle

What tissue surrounds the urethra in the penis?

corpus spongiosum

What tissue surrounds BOTH the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum/ urethra?

tunica albuginea

What tissue is found surrounding the bulb of the penis?

bulbospongiosus

What muscle is found surrounding the crus of the corpus cavernosum?

ischiocavernosus

What is the ossified continuation of the corpus cavernosum?

os penis

What is the enlarged part of the corpus spongiosum?

bulb of the penis

What is the urethral crest?

the small divet of the urethra running over the prostate

What is the colliculus seminalis?

the lowest valley "point" within the urethral crest

What does the tunica albuginea surround?

the corpus cavernosum and the urethra

Where can you find the saphenous nerve?

Runs with the saphenous artery down the femur

What are the main branches off the external iliac artery?

deep femoral artery

What are the main branches off the deep femoral artery?

caudal epigastric artery external pudendal artery

What does the deep femoral artery become?

median circumflex femoral artery

What are the main branches off the femoral artery?

superficial circumflex iliac artery lateral circumflex femoral artery proximal caudal femoral artery middle caudal femoral artery distal caudal femoral artery saphenous artery

What are the main branches off the internal iliac artery?

caudal gluteal artery

What are the main branches off the aorta?

celiac artery cranial mesenteric artery renal artery Vaginal/Prostatic artery caudal mesenteric artery deep circumflex iliac artery external iliac artery internal iliac artery

What are the main branches off the celiac artery?

left gastric artery hepatic artery splenic artery