Honors World History Midterm

5 Themes of Geography

Location, Human, Region, Place, and Movement

Location

Absolute: Definite reference for locating a place Relative: Describes through its connection to other places or environment

Human

How humans adapt to the environment

Region

Area with common features

Place

Physical characteristics of a location

Movement

The travel of ideas, goods, resources, etc.

Equator

Imaginary line around the middle of the latitude lines on Earth

Latitude

x-axis of Earth; Runs east to west

Longitude

y-axis of Earth; Runs north to south

Prime Meridian

Imaginary line around the middle of the longitude lines on Earth

Hemisphere

Divided areas by the equator and prime meridian (North and South) (East and West)

Types of Maps

Political, Physical, Climate, Economic, Topographic, and Road

Political Map

Shows the territorial boundaries of countries, states, and other administrative divisions

Physical Map

Graphical representation of physical landmarks

Climate Map

Shows the geographic distribution of climates through zones.

Economic Map

Regions architecture, manufacturing, etc.

Topographic Map

Detailed drawing of acurate features to the area

Road Map

Map for drivers showing roads of an area

B.C

Before Christ

A.D

Anno Domini (Year of the Lord)

Decade

A period of 10 years

Century

A period of 100 years

Millennium

A period of 1000 years

Age/Era

A period of 100,000,000 year

Small Communities in Afro-Eurasia

Governed by elders related by ancestry

Chieftancy in Afro-Eurasia

In which an individual has the power to make decisions over a community

Kingdoms in Afro-Eurasia

Highly established bureaucracy that is generally tied to religion

City States in Afro-Eurasia

Focused on trade; often ruled by merchants

Confederation

Alliances of several states

Empires

Core community with state conquering power; Rules over others

State

Country

State's job

Makes laws, dispenses justice, claims control of territories, and collects resources

Where did the largest of Afro-Eurasian states stretch?

Along the fertile belt of land

What was the heart of Afro-Eurasian States?

The Islamic World

What was the first migration to the Caribbean islands?

Pre-Colonial Caribbean

What year were the Caribbean islands first settled?

5000 BCE

Where did the people migrate from to the Caribbean islands in 5000BCE?

The mainland in Central America

How did belief systems change from early migrations to later migrations?

During early migrations belief systems were very similar and had little diversity. During later migrations belief systems changed to diverse, ancestral beliefs that were full of idols and traditions

What was traded between the Caribbean islands in the Pre-Colonial Caribbean?

Jade, Ceramics, Teeth, Shells, etc.

What happened to the natives of the Caribbean when Spain took over?

They were used as guides, translators, and slaves

What was the encomienda system?

It was a spanish legal system that allowed colonizers to control the indigenous labor force

How did the indigenous people resist spanish control?

By migrating and moving location

What effect did colonial interaction have on the world?

It connected continents and exchanged resources and diseases

What five nations made up the Haudenosaunee?

Seneca, Cayuga, Onodaga, Onedia, and Mohauk

What type of community was the Haudenosaunee?

They were a confederacy

What held up all five nations that made up the Haudenosaunee?

They were held up by a matriarchal hierarchy with a mens council

What did the Aztecs believe in?

They belived in crops, weapons, and the quetzacoatl

Where did the Aztecs settle?

Mexico

In what year did the Aztecs build Tenochtitlan?

In 1325

Why did the Aztecs build pyramids?

For human sacrifice

Why did the Aztecs sacrifice people?

The 52 year cycle; was the belief that human sacrifice would stop the apocolypse

What type of empire were the Aztecs?

Polytheistic Tribute Empire

Where did the Mayans settle?

Yucatan

What belief did the Aztecs and Maya have in common?

The belief in the quetzacoatl

What things were the Mayans make?

They made mesoamerican style pyramids, ball courts, etc.

Who did the Mayans trade with?

The Caribbean

How did the Mayan empire end?

It was left abandoned

What year was the Mayan empire left abandoned?

1450

What empire was the most successful in the Americas?

The Incas

Who ruled the Inca empire?

Sapa Inca

How did the Inca empire expand?

Through military power

What did the Inca empire trade?

Cotton, potatoes, maize, alpacas, pottery, wool, tapestries, etc.

What other successful empire did the Inca empire surpass technologically?

The Roman Empire

What Inca festival celebrated the sun?

Inti Raymi

Where were the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan empires?

The Americas

What are chieftancies, confederations, and empires all examples of?

Organized communities

What major political development did the Haudenosaunee make?

The coming together of five nations in North America, forming a confederation

Mislims, Buddhists, and Hindus were all present in South Asian populations? How would those populations be described?

Religiously pluralistic

What was the main reason for the Aztecs wanting to expand and conquer new places?

The fear of an apocalypse, and the belief that it could be prevented by providing humans and food as sacrifice

According to the Qur'an and the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, Islam is a continuation of which two religions?

Judaism and Christianity

Which belief systems were primarily associated with China int eh thirteenth century?

Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism

What region in the Americas had numerous networks connecting communities that were spread accoss 7,000 islands?

The Caribbean

What was the Mongol policy about religious freedom?

The Mongols were tolerant of different religions

How did the Aztec empire form?

Several independent city states in the region came together through alliance and conquest

What is a tributary empire?

An empire where surrounding states pay tribute to the empire to maintain their alliance

What were the most important sources of Islamic history for Muslims?

The Qur'an and The Hadith

What paved the way for Indian Ocean routes of exchange?

Muslim merchants

What cause expanded exchange in the Indian Ocean?

The spread of Islam, demand for specialized products, advances in maritime technology, etc.

What specialized products did India produce?

Cotton, fabric, rugs, etc.

What specialized products did Malaysia produce?

Spices (nutmeg, cloves,etc.)

What specialized products did Swahili produce?

Enslaved people

What specialized products did China produce?

Silk and procelain

Where did the enslaved people from East Africa go?

North Africa, the Middle East, and Madagascar

Where did the enslaved people from West Africa go?

America

What do you need to know about weather when traveling the Indian Ocean?

Monsoon wind patterns

What is a lateen?

Triangular sails

What is a stern/rudder used for?

Stability

What is an astrolabe used for?

To find your distance from the equator

What helped with the growth of states?

Trade, application of revenue, and using taxes to maintain trading posts

What did merchants need to do to expand trade?

Travel

What was a way that Islam spread?

Intermarriage

What did the Muslim merchant community produce?

Silk, paper, porcelain, etc.

What did the Chinese merchant community produce?

Cotton, tea, silk, opium, etc.

What did the Sogdian merchant community produce?

Silk, gold, wine, etc.

What did the Jewish merchant community produce?

Glass beads, dyes, spices, etc.

What did the Malay merchant community produce?

Nutmeg, pepper, etc.

How did communities respond to increased demand?

Finding now ways to make products more efficiently and increase of the government's role in trade.

What significant cultural transfers were made?

The transfer of knowledge, culture, technology, commerce, and religion.

When was Oceania first inhabited?

40,000 years ago

How was Oceania pioneered?

Through seafaring

How was Australia's environment?

Dry

What did the bad environment in Australia cause people to not be able to do?

You couldn't domesticate animals or plants

Where did most of the first inhibitors of Oceania originally come from?

Southeast Asia and Taiwan

What three groups made up Oceania?

Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia

What were some key factors of Melanesia?

Densely populated, closely packed islands, and took up from New Guinea to Fiji

What were some key factors of Micronesia?

North of Melanesia and made up of spread out island chains

What were some key factors of Polynesia?

Made up of voyagers, far-flung islands, and it's population grew gradually

What interconnected Oceania?

Culture

Where was the most populated area of Oceania?

Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea

What society developed the rules and behavioral standards in Oceania?

Aboriginal society

What gender could be kings and establish political hierarchies in Aboriginal society?

Men

What was "The Dreaming"?

An Aboriginal way of seeing the history of the past, present, future, and the universe.

When was Hawaii settled?

300CE

Who settled in Hawaii?

Polynesians

What language was used in Hawaii?

Trick question! They didn't have a written language

What did Hawaiian stories tell about?

The founding of the islands, farming, and ship building

Where did women have more authority and freedom? In Aboriginal society or in Hawaii?

Hawaii! There, women had authority and freedom rather in other places in Oceania the relationship between men and women was simple complimentary

What was the Samoan third gender?

Fa'afaire

What was the Fa'afaire?

They were male bodied people who preformed feminine tasks such as caring for the elderly and children

Who was the Inca ruler in 1438CE?

Pachacuti

What did the Inca called themselves?

Tawantinsuyu

What does Inca mean?

Ruler

What did Inca contribute to the global tapestry as an empire?

Architecture, road networks, textiles, etc.

How many people lived in the Inca empire prior to it's decline?

12 million

What was the Mit'a system?

A human labor system used as a form of taxation to benefit the government

Who was Kupe?

Skilled navigator who was seen as the first to travel to New Zealand

What trading system was the biggest in the world during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

Afro-Eurasian

What products did the Afro-Eurasian trading system depend on?

Silk from China, Spices from South East Asia, gold, coppen, ivory, fur, honey, wax, glass, wine, and fruits

What BESIDES PRODUCTS were exchanged through Afro-Eurasian trading networks?

Knowledge and technology

What did Afro-Eurasian trade routes rely on?

Markets and urban areas

What trade route connected the Persian Gulf, Asia's Northern Passage, the China Sea, South East Asia, the Arabian Sea, North Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, and Western Europe?

The Silk Road

What unified the Persian Gulf Region?

The rise of Islam

Who ruled the Persian Gulf Region?

Abbasids Caliphate

What was at the heart of the Persian Gulf Region?

Baghdad

What was Baghdad called?

The house of wisdom

In what year did the Mongols attack Baghdad?

1258

BESIDES KNOWLEDGE what was Baghdad known for?

Tiles and Rugs

What was North of Baghdad?

Central Asia's North Passage

What connects the Persian Gulf Region and Central Asia's North Passage?

Tabriz

What did Central Asia's North Passage cover?

From China to the Black Sea

Who governed Central Asia's North Passage's roads?

The independent kingdoms they passed through

When did Chinggis Khan conquer Central Asia?

The thirteenth century

Who conquered Central Asia?

Chinggis Khan

How did Europeans get Chinese technology?

Central Asia's North Passage's trade routes

What were the Mongols known for?

Military savagery

Who did Chinggis Khan protect?

Scholars, artisans, and administators

What was the key to Afro-Eurasian trade routes?

The China Sea

What did the The China Sea dominate?

Silk and spices

Who wanted access to The China Sea's markets?

Traders

When did the Yuan dynasty start?

1271

Where did the Yuan dynasty move the capitol to?

From Mongolia to Beijing

What was the Yuan dynasty known for?

Silk and porcelain

What did India and South East Asia maintain?

The flow of spices

What bridged the China Sea and the Indian Ocean?

India and South East Asia

What did India and South East Asia value?

Trade

Who did the Arabian Sea and East Africa trade with?

The Red Sea, East Africa, and the Persian Gulf

What was the most important entrepôt in Afro-Eurasia?

Muscat

How were the Indian and South East Asian harbors protected?

Naturally

Where was North African economy centered around?

Alexandria and Cairo

What were North Africa's major exports?

Gold, enslaved people, and iron

What was the major rivalry of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea?

Genova VS Venice

What place was in the middle of Asia and Europe?

Istanbul/Constantinople

What were some of the major exports of Istanbul/Constantinople?

Brocade, cloth, silk, and gold

What did Istanbul trade with the Mongols?

Kaffa

Where were the enslaved people exported out of Istanbul/Constantinople from?

Russia and Ukraine

Who supposedly threatened the Christendom?

Abbasid Califate

What did the Pope launch to "Make the world Christian"?

Crusades

What did the pope's failed crusade cause?

The opening of limited trade with the Muslim world

What was the major export of Western Europe?

Wool and textiles

What stopped trade between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

The emergence of the Black Death

What spread the Black Death?

Global connectivity through trade and people living in close quarters

How much of the world was killed due to the Black Death?

2/3

What happened in after the end of the Black Death?

The rebirth of Afro-Eurasian trading systems

Who created the new Afro-Eurasian trading system?

Europe

During what dynasty was silk majorly produced?

The Song Dynasty

What was the Song dynasty's economy built on?

Strong state involvment

What was silk used for during the Song dynasty?

Currency, clothing, and tapestries

What did the Mongols herd?

Sheep and goats

In Mongol society who was able to be a skilled hunter and horserider?

Men and Women

Who created the Mongolian tribal alliances?

Genghis Khan

What did Genghis Khan focus on?

Power and Personal Loyalty

How many years did it take Genghis Khan to conquer from the China Sea to Persia?

20 years

What did Genghis Khan do at the beginning of his conquests?

Wiped out entire civilizations and captured every empire in sight

How did Genghis Khan excel at fighting in wars?

Strategically mapping the attacks

What was Genghis Khan's style of fighting?

Methodical fighting

What did Genghis Khan do to help the Mongols beat their enemies at their own game?

He quickly brought in the weapons and innovations of their enemies to the battlefield.

When Genghis Khan was at peace who ruled alongside him?

Engineers and scholars

Why did Genghis Khan allow engineers and scholars to help him rule?

To build the government through Chinese and Islamic tradition

How was the Mongol empire accommodating to new communities that they conquered?

They were religiously tolerant

Why was the Mongol empire religiously tolerant?

To ensure that there wouldn't be an uprising

What empire's soldiers defended the Silk Road?

The Mongol Empire

What did Batu and the Golden Hoard do first?

Marched 100,000 soldiers into Russia

What places did Batu and the Golden Hoard conquer.

Russia and Ukraine

What knights did Batu and the Golden Hoard defeat?

Polish, German, French, and Hungarian knights

What mistake did Batu and the Golden Hoard make with Russia?

Allowed Russia to govern itself

What did this mistake allow Russia to do?

Defeat Batu and the Golden Hoard

What did Hulego and the Islamic Heartland do to the heart of the Persian Gulf Region?

They destroyed Baghdad

What alliances did Hulego and the Islamic Heartland make?

Religious alliances

Why did Hulego and the Islamic Heartland make these alliances?

To resist Mongol rule

What religious did Hulego and the Islamic Heartland convert to?

Islam

What Mongol rule did Hulego and the Islamic Heartland end?

Religious tolerance

Who did Hulego and the Islamic Heartland massacre?

Jews and Christians

How many years did it take Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty to defeat China?

11 years

What practices were used by Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty?

Chinese

Who brought back religious tolerance after Hulego and the Islamic Heartland took it away?

Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

What was Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty known for?

Innovation, commerce, and prosperity

What right was granted to women during Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty's reign?

The power to initiate divorce and marrige

What jobs did women have during Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty's reign?

Cooking, herding sheep, and raising children

When did the Mongols lose their power and eventually get defeated?

When they alienated Chinese people and separated from China

What group took down the Mongols?

The White Lotus

What was the dynasty that resulted from the fall of the Mongol empire?

The Ming Dynasty

What empire did the M