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Jesus
Christianity, The son of god, Teachings and life are found in New testament
Torah
Sacred text of the Jews
Muhammad
Prophet of Islam
Five Pillars
Faith in Allah Fast during Ramadan Hajj to Mecca Alms to the poor Pray 5 times a day
Monotheism
Belief in one god
Koran (Qu'ran)
Holy book of Islam
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Founder of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
Main belief of Buddhism Life is suffering
Eightfold Path
Follow to reach Nirvana
Caste System
Strict division of classes in Hinduism
Reincarnation
Belief that your soul will be reborn based on your Karma (in Buddhism and Hinduism)
Renaissance
Means re-birth Start of modern Era Spread from Italy to Northern Europe
Michelangelo
Painted the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and sculpted David
Leonardo da Vinci
Ultimate Renaissance Man Painted Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Shakespeare
Wrote plays and sonnets during the Renaissance
Erasmus
Father of Humanism, wrote In Praise of Folly
Reformation
Attempts to reform the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther
Started Protestant Reformation, 95 Theses, Salvation by Faith, Bible the ultimate authority
95 Theses
Martin Luther's main ideas Starts the Reformation
John Calvin
Swiss Reformer, Predestination, Hard work & Righteous life
Huguenots
French Protestants (French Calvinists)
Predestination
John Calvin's main idea God has pre-determined everything
Henry VIII
English King, split with Catholic church because he wanted a divorce, created Church of England, seized Catholic lands in England
Queen Elizabeth I
English Queen Tolerance for dissenters Anglican Church Victory of Spanish Armada Expansion and colonialism
Reformation in Germany
Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism Hapsburg Family remained loyal to Catholic Church Conflict led to 30 years war
Reformation in France
Catholic kings gave Protestants freedom to worship - Edict of Nantes Cardinal Richelieu changes focus of 30 years war from religious to political
30 Years War
Protestants (Northern German Princes) vs. Catholics (Hapsburgs) in the Holy Roman Empire.
Anglican Church
Protestant Church in England Led by Elizabeth I started by Henry VIII
Edict of Nantes
Allowed Huguenots to practice their religion, later revoked by Louis XIV
Counter Reformation
Catholic church response to Reformation Use of the Inquisition Council of Trent - reaffirms practices and doctrine
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Founded during the Catholic Counter Reformation by Ignatius of Loyola Used to spread Catholicism around the world.
Gutenberg Printing Press
Used to spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance First documented printed was the Bible Led to the growth of literacy
Gold, Glory, God
Factors leading to exploration
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese, Rounded Cape of Good Hope in Africa, 1st all water route to Asia
Christopher Columbus
Spain, "found" the new world
Hernando Cortez
Spain, conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. Conquestador
Ferdinand Magellan
Spain, First to circumnavigate the globe
Fransisco Pizzarro
Spain, Conquered the Incas in South America
Francis Drake
English Privateer (Pirate) working for Elizabeth I, 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.
Jacques Cartier
French, explored Canada, St. Lawrence River.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese Prince, Founded a school to teach navigation
Spread/diffusion of Christianity
Migration of colonists/influence of colonists who brought faith, language, culture to new lands. Conversion of native people
Impact of discovery of Americas
End of Aztecs and Incas European emigration/rigid class structure and dictatorial rule in Latin America Colonies imitate culture/social patterns of parent countries Forced migration of enslaved Africans
Impact of discovery on Africa
European trading posts on coasts Slaves, gold, resources
Impact of discovery on Asia
Colonization by small group of merchants, Influence of trading compaines
Trading Companies
Founded by British, Dutch, French Were in Indies and in China
Columbian Exchange
An exchange of products and resources between the eastern and western hemispheres Corn(maize), Potatoes, and Tobacco were introduced to Europe European horses and Cattle were introduced to the Americas Diseases = SMALL POX
Impact of Columbian Exchange
Shortage of labor led to use of slaves (based on race) European plantation system in Caribbean/Americas destroyed native economies/environment
Triangle Trade
Linked Europe, Africa, and America Slaves, sugar and rum Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia Spain's economy collapses after importing so much gold/silver
China
Creation of "enclaves" by foreign powers for trade/resources Increase in demands for goods (tea, porcelain)
Shogun
Japanese, Military leader
Isolationism
policy of a country trying to limit foreign influences. (Japan)
Ottoman Empire
In Central Asia, expands to Asia, Balkans, North Africa Capital- Istanbul (Constantinople) Islamic religion, Coffee and ceramic
Mughal Empire
North India, Islam, Taj Mahal, Establishment of trading posts by Europeans, textiles important to GB. Traded silk/spices/gems
Mercantilism
An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers Colonies exist to benefit the mother country
Commercial Revolution
Overseas trade, new banking and money systems, use of mercantilism
Nicolas Copernicus
Heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
Discovered planets move in elliptical orbits The laws of planetary motion
Galileo
Telescope used to prove Heliocentric Theory
Isaac Newton
Discovered laws of gravity
William Harvey
Discovered the circulation of blood
Scientific Revolution
Expanded scientific knowledge, development of the scientific method, empahsis on reason and systematic observation of the future
Divine Right
Absolute monarchs believed god chose them
Louis XIV
France, Palace of Versailles-symbol of royal power
Peter the Great
Russia, Westernizing of Russia, St. Petersburg
Charles I
English King who was beheaded Led to the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
Led England as Lord-not King.
Charles II
Restored to the British throne
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary take the throne No bloodshed Sign the English Bill of Rights 1689
English Bill of Rights
Reduced the power of the monarch Increased the power of the Parliament
Enlightenment
Applied reason to the human world Stimulated religious tolerance Fueled the American and French Revolution
Thomas Hobbes
The Leviathan State must have central authority-Absolutism
John Locke
Two Treatises on Government Life, Liberty, and Property Government gets its power fromthe consent of the people
Montesquieu
The Spirit of the Laws Seperation of Powers
Voltaire
Religious toleration, Seperation of Church and State
Jefferson
Declaration of Independence author, used Enlightenment ideas
US constitution and Bill of Rights
Untied States used enlightenment ideas for these two important documents (not including declaration)
Louis XVI
Monarch that was overthrown in the French Revolution
Events of the French Revolution
Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille Reign of Terror Declaration of the Rights of Man
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Former slave who led independence movements in Haiti. Defeated armies of Spain, France, and Britain
Simon Bolivar
He led an independence movement in South America
Mexican Independence
Started by Father Hildago
Colonial systems in Latin America
Governments mirrored home governments Catholic, mining (silver), Cities outposts for trade (Havana, Mexico City, Lima)
Class Structure of Latin America
Viceroys/colonial officials Creoles and Mestizos