SCI 1STQ

Respiratory System

the body system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the external environment.

upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory track

The respiratory system is divided into two parts, namely:

nose

it filters particles, and moistens the air

asphyxia

a condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen

epiglottis

flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue

larynx

hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal chords. voice box. it is where vocal chors are located

trachea or windpipe

tube in your throat that carries air into lungs

bronchus

airway in the respiratory track that conducts air into the lungs

diaphragm

responsible for the breathing

closes, opens

the epiglottis _____ when you swallow and _____ when you breathe.

downwards, expand. upwards, contract.

when you breathe, the diaphragm moves _______, causing the lungs to ______. when you exhale, it moves _____, causing the lungs to ______

alveoli

the functional units in the lung where gasses are exchanged

pharynx

passageway for air, leads to trachea

external respiration and internal respiration

the two major parts of the process of physiological respiration

external respiration

also known as breathing, involves bringing air into the lungs and releasing to the atmosphere

internal respiration

during this, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels

Circulatory System

also known as transport system. it is the body system responsible for carrying blood, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. network consisting of blood, blood vessels and the heart. it's role is to supply oxygen, transport materials, and release metabolic waste, supply oxygen from lungs to cells, remove the carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs and remove waste products from tissues to kidney

heart, blood, blood vessels

the 3 major parts of the circulatory system

blood

it is responsible for transporting gases (carbon dio and oxy), waste products, nutrients, and it helps remove toxins)

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

four main components of blood

plasma

largest part of our blood. It takes nutrients—that is absorbed by the digestive system—, hormones, and proteins to the parts that need them

erythrocytes

red blood cells are also known as ______

erythros - red cyte - cells

erythrocytes came from the greek words erythros and cyte which means

red blood cells

it transports and carries gasses and oxygen to all parts of the body, and remove carbon dioxide as well

white blood cells

acts as the body defense, they fight infections and play a principal role in immunity ; like soldiers. less than 1% of the cells in the human blood

leukocytes

white blood cells are also known as

thrombocytes

platelets are also known as

platelets

they are small, colorless, and non nucleated. they play an important role in blood clotting

arteries, capillaries, and veins

3 types of blood vessels

arteries

it carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to cells, tissues and organs of the body

veins

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

capillaries

they contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

the 4 chambers of the heart

pneumonia

acute inflammation of the lungs

asthma

condition in which breathing is impaired by the constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, cough and thick mucus secretions

high blood pressure

hypertension. blood pressure that is higher than normal

lung cancer

cancerous growth that invades and destroys lung tissue

anemia

condition wherein you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to you body's tissues

bronchitis

inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi

genetics

branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in an organism

inheritance

process in which genetic information is passed on from parents to child

variation

any difference between cells, individual organism or groups of organisms of any specia

gene

unit of heredity; a section of DNA that codes for specific trait

genotype

genetic make up of organisms. it is a combination of 2 alleles

phenotype

a physical feature or trait of an organism

homozygous

having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene

heterozygous

having 2 different alleles of a particular gene

punnet square

a graphical representation of the possible types of an offspring arising from a particular cross or breeding event. named after Reginald Punnett

Gregor Mendel

the father of genetics

• height

• pod appearance

• seed texture

• position of flowers

• flower color

• pod color

• seed color

what are the 7 traits Gregor Mendel looked at in pea plants

• incomplete dominance

• codominance

• multiple alleles

• polygenic traits

• sex-linked

what are the traits Gregor Mendel never considered

Nonmendelian Genetics

what do you call the traits Gregor Mendel never considered

incomplete dominance

One allele is not completely dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is in-between the homozygous phenotype

codominance

two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

Multiple Alleles

when more than 2 varieties exist in a trait

sex-linked traits

genes are on the sex chromosome

X and Y

the 2 sex chromosomes

XX

developed in a female

XY

developed in a male