AP Euro Ch. 22 Reformation ID Terms

simony

Buying and selling of Church positions

pluralism

Practice of Church officials taking multiple Church positions

absenteeism

Those with multiple positions in the Church often ignored or failed to complete their duties

sale of indulgences

Documents were sold by the Church to lessen time in Purgatory

Martin Luther

Founder of the Protestant movement

Johann Tetzel

Lead salesman of Catholic indulgences; "When the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs."

95 Theses

Questions that Luther had of the Church's practices

Johann Eck

Catholic debater and Luther's opponent at the Diet of Worms

"priesthood of all believers"

Luther's belief that everybody should read and interpret the Bible

Diet of Worms

Meeting in which Luther was asked to publicly recant his beliefs; Luther expected to become a martyr but escaped

Charles V

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Spain, devout Catholic, and nephew of Catherine of Aragon

German Peasants' War

Peasants in the Holy Roman Empire revolted against German nobles and kings who had raised taxes in Charles V's absence; inspired by a misinterpretation of Luther's "priesthood of all believers"; Luther sided with the nobility

Schmalkaldic League

Trade network of German Lutherans that upheld their Protestant beliefs at the Diet of Augsburg, resulting in two wars

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Legalization of Protestantism following the Schmalkaldic Wars

Anabaptists

Most radical group of Protestants; believed in adult baptism, the complete separation of church and state, and a return to early Chrisitianity; hated by both Protestants and Catholics

John of Leyden

King of New Jerusalem; leader of Anabaptists

Ulrich Zwingli, Zürich

​​Swiss Christian humanist who believed that the state should supervise the Church and banned music and relics from services

Marburg Colloquy

Meeting of Zwingli and Luther where they disagreed on the Lord's Supper; foreshadowed the division of Protestant groups

John Calvin

Founder of a more radical sect of Christianity that emphasized predestination

predestination

People are selected for salvation before they are born

Michael Servetus

Antitrinitarian

John Knox

Founded Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism

Calvinist movement focused on representative Church leadership founded in Scotland by John Knox

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to remove Catholicism completely from the Anglican Church

English Reformation

Henry VIII's personally, economically and politically motivated foundation of the Anglican Church; notably not Protestant

William Tyndale

Wrote the first English translation of the Bible

Henry VIII

King of England; founder of the Anglican Church

"In Defense of the Seven Sacraments"

Written by Henry VIII in response to Martin Luther's declaration that only two sacraments were necessary; resulted in the pope naming Henry VIII "The Defender of the Faith"

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife and Arthur's widow; birthed Mary Tudor

Thomas Wolsey

Sent to the pope to annul Henry VIII's marriage; failed

Act of Supremacy

Created the Anglican Church with Henry VIII as its head

Pilgrimage of Grace

English Catholics' revolt against the nationalization, abuse and sale of monasteries

Statute of the Six Articles

Reaffirmed parts of Catholicism as parts of the Anglican Church

Edward VI

Only son of Henry VIII; his Protestant tutors greatly influenced his decisions

Mary Tudor "Bloody Mary"

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; repealed Edward VI's Protestant acts and killed prominent Protestants

Elizabeth I

"Virgin Queen" and politique; worked to resolve the tension between English Protestants and Catholics by mandating a public devotion towards the Anglican Church

Politique

Monarch who prioritizes state relationships over religious ones

Elizabethan Settlement

Unified England under the Anglican Church

Thirty-Nine Articles

Creed of the Anglican Church; broad enough to be interpreted subjectively, resolving the tension between English Protestants and Catholics

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

Attempted to assassinate Elizabeth I

Teresa de Avila

Nun who saw an angel; face of Catholic Counter Reformation and symbol of a personal relationship with God in Catholicism

Catholic and Counter Reformation

Attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation and revive the best aspects of Catholicism

Council of Trent

Meeting that reformed the Catholic Church and reaffirmed traditional Catholic practices as well as the authority of the papacy

Index of Prohibited Books

Banned Protestant books and those by Erasmus

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Militaristic organization of monks under the pope that promoted Catholicism

Ignatius Loyola

Leader of Jesuits; wrote The Spiritual Exercise