BIOL: chapter 1 (the study of life)

derived from Latin and means “to know”

The word Science

Two main types of scientific inquiry:

discovery science and hypothesis-based science

discovery science and hypothesis-based science

Also known as qualitative science and quantitative science

logic used in descriptive science

Inductive reasoning

logic used in hypothesis-based science

Deductive reasoning

observations to arrive at general conclusion

Inductive reasoning

all living organisms are composed of cells -- all life observed exhibits cellular organization

Inductive reasoning

general principles to predict specific result

Deductive reasoning

All dogs are mammals. All mammals have kidneys. Therefore all dogs have kidneys.

Deductive reasoning

Data

recorded observations or items of information

descriptions rather than measurements (appearance, behavior, etc...)

Qualitative

recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

Quantitative

A hypothesis must be

testable

Experiments must have

controls

“pure” science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application

Basic science

goal of technology is to

apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

Biology is marked by “_______,” while technology is marked by “_______”

discoveries;inventions

scientific law describes

a correlation between measured variables. Sometimes expressed as a mathematical equation.

scientific theory offers an explanation of

natural phenomena. The theory of evolution through natural selection. The theory of relativity. Germ theory.

Reviewed by experts in the same research area, who judge whether or not the work is original, significant, logical, and thorough.

Primary or peer-reviewed literature

Newspapers, books, review articles

Secondary literature

Properties of Life

1. Order 2. Response to environment 3. Reproduction 4. Regulation/homeostasis 5. Energy Processing 6. Evolutionary Adaption

Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy

Order/Organization:

two major processes:

– Cycling of nutrients – Energy transfer and transformation: flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

Organisms living on Earth are modified descendents of

common ancestors

Fossils and other evidence document the evolution of life on Earth over

billions of years

Natural selection is evident in adaptations of

organisms to their environment

Bat wings are an example of

adaptation

Bacteria and Archaea are ______; plants, animals, fungi, and all other forms of life are _______

prokaryotic;eukaryotic

Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea

comprise the prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms:

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Other eukaryots were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista –

now grouped into many separate kingdoms