Anatomy Midterm Information

Define cranial

towards the head

Define caudal

towards the tail

Define rostral

toward the nose when referring to the head

Define dorsal

towards the back/spine of the animal when referring to the body towards the front of the body when referring to the carpus/tarsus below

Define ventral

toward the belly side of the animal (never used when referring to limbs)

Define medial

toward the midline

Define lateral

away from the midline

What is the midline of the body?

If you were the cut the dog into right and left sides, it would be the line down the middle where you cut

Define axial

closest to the functional axis when referring to the digits and their parts

What is the functional axis of the limb?

A line that runs down between the third and fourth metatarsals

Define abaxial

away from the functional axis when referring to the digits and their parts

Define proximal

toward the main body mass

Define distal

away from the main body mass

Define palmar

back side of the manus (forepaw)

Define plantar

back side of the pes (hindpaw)

Define superficial

near the surface of the body

Define deep

near the center of the body

Define supination

medial rotation (rotating inwards) of the entire appendage (scoop soup)

Define pronation

lateral movement (rotating outward) of the entire appendage

Define rotation

movement of a part around its axis (supination and pronation are rotational movements)

Define abduction

movement of a part away from the median plane

Define adduction

movement of a part toward the median plane (adding it back to the body)

Define flexion

movement of two bones that causes the angle to become smaller

Define extension

two bones moving that causes the angle to become increase in size

Define circumduction

movement of a part outlining a circle (think extended arm drawing a circle)

Are rotation and circumduction the same thing?

NO

What composes the crus?

tibia and fibula

What composes the antebrachium?

radius and ulna

What is the front paw called?

Manus

What is the hindpaw called?

Pes

What are the three types of bones based on location?

Axial, appendicular, heterotopic

What is included in axial bones?

Any bone along the axis such as the skull, vertebrae, and sternum

What is meant by heterotopic bones?

Found in an irregular place

What is an example of a heterotopic bone?

os penis

What are the appendicular bones?

Bones of the limbs

What are the 6 bones based on shape?

Short, long, flat, irregular, pneumatic, and sesamoid

What is a long bone?

A bone that is longer than it is wide

What are a few examples of long bones?

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpus, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsus

What is a short bone?

A bone that is as wide as it is tall

Which bones are short bones?

carpus and tarsus

What is a flat bone?

reduced in one of three dimensions

Which bones are flat bones?

ribs, scapula

What are pneumatic bones?

Air-filled bones

What are sesamoid bones?

Seed-shaped bones imbedded in tendons

What are irregular bones?

Those that don't fit into the other 5 categories

What is an example of an irregular bone?

vertebrae

What is an ossification center?

bone begins as cartilage template and is replaced by bone

What is a primary center of ossification?

appears before birth in the diaphysis

What is the secondary center of ossification?

appears after birth in the epiphysis

Why are short bones an exception related to ossification centers?

they have a primary ossification center that forms AFTER birth

What are the three types of joints?

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

What is a fibrous joint?

thick, dense, fibrous connective tissue between two bones

What is the function of fibrous joints?

Stability

Where are fibrous joints found?

the skull

What is a cartilaginous joint?

joined by cartilage

What is the function of a cartilaginous joint?

stability

What are the two subclasses of cartilaginous jionts?

1. symphasis 2. sychondrosis

What is the difference between symphasis and synchondrosis in cartilaginous joints?

Symphasis ossifies with age whereas synchondrosis has programmed ossification times

What is the name for symphasis subclass of cartilaginous joint?

fibrocartilaginous

What are examples of cartilaginous subclass symphasis/fibrocartilaginous joints?

pelvic symphasis, mandibular symphasis, IV discs

What is the name for the synchondrosis subclass of cartilaginous joint?

hyaline cartilage

What is an example of of cartilaginous subclass synchondrosis/hyaline joints?

physeal cartilage

What is a synovial joint?

bones joined by a thin fluid layer

What is the function of synovial joints?

movement

What is an example of a synovial joint?

genual joint

What are the 5 parts of a synovial joint?

1. synovial capsule 2. joint cavity 3. articular cartilage 4. synovial fluid 5. accessory structures- meniscus, extracapular ligament, and intraarticular ligament

What is physeal cartilage?

Found between diaphysis and epiphysis

What is a synovial capsule?

composed of fibrous outer membrane and membranous inner which secretes fluid

What is the joint cavity?

this is where fluid lives in a synovial joint

Where does the articular cartilage live in a synovial joint?

It lines the two bone surfaces where they would touch (proximal and distal ends where two bones meet)

Where is the synovial capsule located in a synovial joint? (Looking for where you could point at this in a picture)

on the sides (medial and lateral) where two bones connect

How would you go about deciding whether a bone is from the left or right side?

1. find the proximal/distal ends 2. find the cranial and caudal aspects (cranial is usually smooth)

What is the origin of a muscle?

the proximal attachment, usually moves small amount

What is the insertion of a muscle?

the distal attachment, usually moves more

What is a tendon?

cord-like extension from a muscle body

What is aponeurosis?

flat, sheet-like connective tissue

What is a muscle head?

Where the muscle starts

What is a muscle belly?

contractile portion

What are the sections of the hindlimb?

pelvic girdle, femur, crus, tarsus

What pieces make up the tarsus?

trochlea, talus, calcaneous, central tarsal bone, tarsal bones 1-4, metatarsal bones 2-5, proximal/middle/distal phalanges

Where does secondary ossification occur?

epiphysis

On the cranial side of the thoracic limb, label the flexor/extensor angles proximal to distal

E,F,E,E,E,E,E,E

What are the 5 pieces of a typical vertebra?

1. spinous process 2. transverse process (2) 3. vertebral body 4. Vertebral arch 5. Articular process (4- 2 cranial and 2 caudal)

What joint is before C1 vertebra?

atlanto-occipital joint

What joint is between C1 and C2 vertebra?

antlantoaxial joint

How many joints does a typical vertebra outside of the thoracic cavity have and what type/where are they?

6 - 2 fibrocartilaginous IV discs and 4 articular process synovial joints

How many joints does a typical thoracic vertebra have?

12- 2 fibrocartilaginous IV discs and 4 articular process synovial joints along with 6 synovial joints formed from where the rib articulates with the vertebra

What do several vertebral foramen compose?

vertebral canal

How many articular processes does a typical vertebra have?

4- 2 cranial and 2 caudal

Where does the spinal cord live in the vertebrae?

Within the vertebral canal

How many spinous processes does a vertebra have?

1

How many transverse processes does a vertebra have

2

What are the 9 joints of the thoracic limb?

1. humeral 2. cubital 3. radioulnar 4. antebrachiocarpal 5. middle carpal 6. carpometacarpal 7. metacarpophalangeal 8. proximal interphalangeal 9. distal interphalangeal

What joints compose the "carpal joint"?

1. antebrachiocarpal 2. middle carpal 3. carpometacarpal

What is the thoracic girdle made up of?

scapula and collar bone

How many joints do T10-T13 have?

10 joints because their ribs articulate ON the vertebral body rather than BETWEEN the vertebral bodies

How many joints does C7 have?

8 because it has the heads of the T1 ribs articulated on it

What is a sternal rib?

the costal cartilage connects DIRECTLY to the sternum

What is an asternal rib?

the costal cartilage connects INDIRECTLY to the sternum

What is a floating rib?

costal cartilage does not connect to the sternum at all

What is the costal arch?

Where the costal cartilage of ribs 10,11,12 connect

What are the four parts of a rib?

1. head 2. tubercle 3. body 4. costal cartilage

What do several vertebral foramen compose?

vertebral canal

What do several vertebral notches compose?

intervertebral foramina

What is a vertebral notch?

the space between the articular and transverse processes

What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?

2 lamina and 2 pedicles

Explain where you would find the vertebral body?

the ventral portion of the spine (in a dog) where the IV disc is stuck to

Describe flexion of the spine

bending over to pick something up

Describe extension of the spine

standing up straight

Describe lateral flexation of the spine

leading to the right or left

What is the typical vertebral formula?

C7T13L7S3Cd20-22

What are the unique features of C1?

1. modified articular processes (WINGS) 2. NO spinous process 3. reduction of body 4. Has synovial joints before and after rather than IV discs

What are the unique features of C2?

elongated spinous process

What are the unique features of C6?

1. big lamina protruding off of transverse process 2. high spine

What are the unique features of C7?

1. no transverse foramina 2. highest cervical spine

What are the unique features of T11?

spinous processes cranial to T11 point caudal and spinous processes caudal to T11 point cranial

What is unique about the sacral vertebra?

They are fused together

What are the 8 extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb?

1. superficial pectoral 2. deep pectoral 3. omotransversarius 4. brachiocephalicus 5. trapezius 6. rhombodieus 7. serratus ventralis 8. lattissimus dorsi

What is the difference between an extrinsic and an intrinsic muscle?

extrinsic connects the limb to the axial skeleton whereas intrinsic comprise the limb itself

What is another name for the superficial cervical lymph node?

prescapular lymph node

What is the drainage area of the superficial cervical lymph node?

drains the head and neck toward the heart

Where is the superficial cervical lymph node located?

underneath the omotransversarius, craniomedial to the humeral joint

What is the carotid sheath?

encases the carotid artery, vagosympathetic trunk, internal jugular vein

Where is the carotid sheath located?

medial to the external jugular and beneath the sternohyoideus/sternothyroideus

How many ligaments are associated with the femorotibial portion of the genual joint?

10

What are the two divisions of liaments associated with the femorotibial portion of the genual joint?

1. instracapsular 2. extracapsular

What are the intracapsular ligaments of the femorotibial portion of the genual joint?

1. cranial cruciate 2. caudal cruciate 3. meniscofemoral 4. transverse meniscal 5. caudal tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus 6. cranial tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus 7. caudal tibial ligament of the medial meniscus 8. cranial tibial ligament of the medial meniscus

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the femorotibial portion of the genual joint?

1. medial collateral ligament 2. lateral collateral ligament

What would happen if the collateral ligaments of the genual joint were damaged?

there would be instability either medially, laterally, or both

Where are the extracapsular ligaments of the femorotibial portion of the genual joint located?

On the sides of the knee

If the cruciate ligaments of the genual joint are damaged, what happens?

instability cranially/caudally

What is a "drawer sign"?

cranial cruciate tear which causes the tibia to push forward

Which directional term describes the cranial cruciate ligament?

caudoventral (bottom of slash line points forward)

Which directional term describes the caudal cruciate ligament?

cranioventral (bottom of the slash points toward back of knee)

What are the three jobs of menisci?

1. cushion 2. fluid 3. congruency of bones

What shape is a menisci?

ramp shaped

How many menisci does the genual joint have?

2

What are menisci made of?

fibrocartilage

What do you have to do to remove the medial meniscus?

Cut the cranial/caudal ligaments, cut the transverse ligament, and DISSECT the medial collateral ligament

What do you have to do to remove the lateral meniscus?

Cut the cranial/caudal ligaments, cut the transverse ligament, and cut the meniscofemoral ligament

Where are IV discs located?

between the bodies of two vertebra

What is the function of the IV disc?

to provide cushion so two vertebra do not grind together

What are the two components of an IV disc?

1. annulus ring 2. nucleus pulpus

What is the annulus ring?

the outer layer of an IV disk which is thinner at the top and thicker at the bottom

What is the nucleus pulpus?

the inner gel-filled portion of the IV disc

What is the function of the annulus ring?

stability

What is the function of the nucelus pulpus?

Shock absorption/cushion

What are the four long ligaments of the vertebral column?

1. Dorsal longitudinal 2. ventral longitudinal 3. nuchal ligament 4. supraspinous ligament

What are the attachments of the nuchal ligament?

C2-T1

What are the attachments of the supraspinous ligament?

T1-S3

What are the attachments of the dorsal/ventral longitudinal ligaments?

C2-S3

Where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament located?

the dorsal surface of the vertebral BODY

Where is the ventral longitudinal ligament located?

the ventral surface of the vertebral BODY

What is the purpose of the nuchal ligament?

supports the head

How can you identify the nuchal ligament on a cadaver?

it will be yellow and elastic extending from C2-T1

What are the three short ligaments of the vertebral column?

1. yellow ligament 2. intercapital ligament 3. interspinous ligaments

Where is the yellow ligament located?

fills the gaps between articular processes

What is the yellow ligament made of?

Elastic tissue

Where is the intercapital ligament located?

above each IV disc and runs horizontal through the intervertebral foramina from T1-T10

Why are disc slips most common in the lumbar/sacral regions?

No intercapital ligaments to prevent the disc from buldging and causing pressure on the spinal cord

What is a prime mover?

The main muscle doing the action

What is a synergist?

another muscle doing the same action as the main muscle

What is an antagonist?

a muscle working opposite the prime mover

Does an antagonist muscle stop a prime mover?

Not always

What is a bursa?

a fluid-filled sac that protects tendons from bony protrusions

What is a tendon sheath?

a fluid-filled structure that wraps around the tendon to protect it

What is a bursa filled with?

synovial fluid

What is retinaculum?

keeps tendon in place by running from one bony prominence to another

What muscles act as the lateral collateral ligaments of the humeral joint?

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

What muscles act as the medial collateral ligaments of the humeral joint?

coracobrachialis and subscapularis

What are the digital pad locations?

4, one on each digit 2-5

Where is the carpal pad located?

circular pad located up the leg a little ways

What is the transverse humeral retinaculum?

a retinaculum that hold the biceptal tendon in place

What is the biceptal tendon?

tendon between the biceps brachii long head and the greater/lesser tubercles of the humerus

How many annular ligaments are there?

3

What are the three annular ligaments?

Palmar, distal digital, proximal digital

What is the palmar annual ligament?

holds the superficial and deep digital flexors in place at the metacarpophalangeal joint

What are the distal and proximal annual ligaments?

support the deep digital flexor tendon proximal/distal to the palmar surface of proximal interphalangeal joint

What are the three levels of the carpal joint?

1. antebrachiocarpal 2. middle carpal 3. carpometacarpal

What are the levels of movement for the three levels of the carpal joint?

1. antebrachiocarpal- most range of motion 2. middle carpal- some range of motion 3. carpometacarpal- no range of motion

What are the joints of the pelvic limb?

1. sacroiliac 2. coxal 3. genual 4. tarsocrural 5. talocancaneal 6. centrodistal 7. calcaneoquartal 8. talocalcaneocentral 9. metatarsophalangeal 10. proximal interphalangeal 11. distal interphalangeal

Where is the centrodistal joint located?

between the central tarsal bone and tarsal bones 1,2,3

Where is the talocalcaneocentral joint located?

between the talus, calcaneous, and central tarsal bone

Where is the calcaneoquartal joint located?

between the calcaneous and fourth tarsal bone

Where is the talocalcaneal joint located?

between the talus and the calcaneous

Where is the tarsocrural joint located?

between the tibia/fibula and the trochlea of the talus

On the cranial side, list the flexor/extensor angles of the pelvic limb starting proximally

F,E,F,E,E,E,E,E

Where is the coxal joint located?

Between the femur and acetabulum

Where is the popliteal lymph node located?

Between the distal ends of the biceps femoris and semitendinosis

What does the popliteal lymph node drain?

the crus/pes areas

What is the common calcaneal tendon?

an aggregate of different tendons that attach to the tuber calcanei

What is the location of the common calcaneal tendon?

attached at the tuber calcanei

Which muscles contribute to the common calcaneal tendon?

1. gastrocnemius 2. superficial digital flexor 3. biceps femoris 4. gracilis 5. semitendinosis

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Cranially: caudal belly of sartorius Caudally: pectineus and adductor Proximal lateral: ilopsoas and rectus femoris Distal lateral: vastus medialis

What vessels are included in the femoral triangle?

Femoral vein and femoral artery

What are the attachments of the sacrotuberus ligament?

sacrum and ischiatic tuberosity

What muscle(s) attach to the sacrotuberus ligament?

superficial gluteal and biceps femoris proximal attachments

Where are the epaxial muscles located?

dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebra

Where are the hypaxial muscles located?

ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebra

What are the three categories of hypaxial muscles?

1. muscles of the neck 2. muscles of the thoracic wall 3. muscles of the abdominal wall

What are the hypaxial muscles of the neck?

1. sternocephalicus 2. sternohyoideus 3. sternothyroideus 4. longus capitus 5. longus collis

What are the hypaxial muscles of the thoracic wall?

1. internal intercostal 2. external intercostal 3. scalenus 4. serratus ventralis 5. serratus dorsalis cranialis 6. serratus dorsalis caudalis

What are the hypaxial muscles of the abdominal wall?

1. rectus abdominus 2. internal abdominal oblique 3. external abdominal oblique 4. transverse abdominus

What is the fiber direction of the internal intercostal muscles?

cranioventral

What is the fiber direction of the external intercostal muscles?

caudoventral

What is the fiber direction of the internal abdominal oblique muscle?

cranioventral

What is the fiber direction of the external abdominal oblique muscle?

caudoventral

What are the three epaxial muscle systems from closest to the spinous process to furthest?

1. transversopinal system 2. longissimus system 3. iliocostal system

What are the attachments of the transversospinal system?

skull to sacrum

What are the attachments of the longissimus system?

skull to ilium