Western Civ. Chapter 3 Test

In the Spartan government, which institution was the most democratic?

the assembly

The Spartans felt compelled to make the army the primary focus of their society because

of the threat of rebellion by their slaves

Which of these statements tended to be true of tyrants?

they were generally aristocrats.

In the Greek world, a polis was a(n)

agricultural village, town, or small city. community sharing common ancestors and religious rites. independent political unit.

The primary cause of the First Peloponnesian War was

the policies of Athens's new regime.

Thucydides was an Athenian who

wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War.

Solon's reforms

forbade debt slavery increased economic specialization had long-lasting impacts

The Greek colonization movement around 750 BCE is most closely linked to

long-distance trade.

The plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles were

tragedies based on mythological subjects and dealing with religion, politics, ethics, and morality.

A hoplite phalanx is a

disciplined, closed fighting formation.

The Athenians lost the Great Peloponnesian War because

Pericles's strategy failed None of Pericles's successors could hold the state to a consistent policy.

Homer's epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, reflect the values and society of which period in Greek history?

"dark ages" or Archaic the idealism of self-sufficiently, and Xenia. Emerged with Aristotle centuries after the Bronze Age

Which qualities would a Homeric hero prize most dearly

individual prowess, courage, protection of family

At the outset of the Great Peloponnesian War, the Athenian strategy was

to allow their own land to be devastated

The Persian War sea battle that led to the withdrawal of Xerxes was

Battle of Salamis

Athens became the leader of the Delian League because

Athens had Greece's largest navy.

Polis

a down or city or village that surrounds a country side. where they practiced political social and religious activities.

hoplites

heavily armed infantry men who wore bronze or leather helmets, breastplates and wore shin guards. carried around a 9 ft long spear.

phalanx

rectangular formation in tight order, usually 8 ranks deep

tyrants

rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law.

perioikoi

free inhabitants not critizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service for Sparta.

helots

bound to the land and forced to work on farms and as household servants for Spartans.

oligarchy

two kings who ruled. maily responcible for military affairs and served as leaders of Sparta.

Sophists

philosophers who though that it was foolish that the universe was beyond the reach of the human mind. Would sell their knowledge.

rhetoric

-the art of persuasive speaking -debates and swaying an audience

Socratic method

employs a question-and-answer technique to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason.

how did the geography of Greece affect Greek history?

Greece was in a small area, surrounded by mountains and the ocean. the terrain was was mountainous so the city-states were cut off from one another. They each had their own separate ways of life.

Who was Homer?

-wrote the Iliad and the odyssey. -greatest poet of all time.

Why was homers work used as the basis for Greek education?

Homers writings consisted of hero's. everybody wanted to be like them, so they looked up to these books.this books tough courage.

How did the major city-states(polis) of Athens and Sparta differ?

Spartans were mostly for the gov't. Their military was very strong. Athens was more democracy and its city-states had more power to the people.

What did the Greeks mean by democracy?

ruled by the people and power to the people.

what ways was the Athenian political system a democracy?

they were separated from all the other city-states and had their own independence, so they made up their own laws.

What effect did the Persian War have on Greek civilization?

it made everyone afraid the Spartans. they were stronger and had very good military tactics. caused great destruction to the Greek civilizations. Athens also arose to become a Greek leader—only rival was the Spartans

How were classical Greek art expressed?

through writing, plays, stories, painting

What questions did the Greek philosophers pose, and what were their answers?

Greek philosophers said to question society and the world around them. they studied human behavior.

odyssey

an epic romance about journey of Odysseus how he is reunited with his wife.

gerousia

council of elders in Sparta

apella

assembly of all male citizens. Spartan.

ekklesia

assembly of full citizens, had few power. Athens.

Solon

cancled all current land debts, outlawed new loans, freed people who had fallen into salvery for debt.

Hellenistic

a new type of order for Hellenistic peroid.

Island of Crete

first society of Greeks, capital knossus

Mycenaean

first greek mainland civilization

Dark age of Greace

1100-800 BC -decline of culture -writing went away -nuthing build -shortage of food/ less trade

Rebirth/ Renessance

800-600 BC "greek renessance" -writing started -epic poetry

Agamemnon

king of miceney, comander and cheaf of greek forces

homer

characters are in universal times. people relate to it believes there are ethical values people should live by.

Rise of the Polis

800-400 B.C.E

Homeric epics transcribed

c. 750 B.C.E

Hoplite tactics become standard

725-650 B.C.E

Militarization of Sparta

C. 600 B.C.E

Emergence of the Milesian School (pre-Socratic philosophy)

600-500 B.C.E

Solon’s reforms in Athens

594 B.C.E

Cyprus of Persia conquers Lydia and Controls the Geek cities of Ionia

546 B.C.E

Overthrownment of the Peisistratid tyranny in Athens

510 B.C.E

Ionian Revolt against Persia

499-494 B.C.E

Battle of Marathon

490 B.C.E

Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis

480 B.C.E

Formation of Delian League led by Athens

478 B.C.E

The Peloponnesian war begins (Sparta vs. Athens)

431 B.C.E

Defeat of Athens by Sparta— Peloponnesian war ends

404 B.C.E

The execution/death of Socrates

399 B.C.E

Panhellenic

All Greek.

Mother Polis

Mother of colony

Panaoply

The equipment and attire that a hoplite wore and used

8th Century B.C.E

When ariostocratic classes emerged.

Symposium

Ariostocratic drinking party, listened to poetry and music, there were prostitutes, and gay sex— Aristocratic man on man (Homasocial)

Demagogue

Someone rising up in a government and seizing power

Acropolis

High-city

Hoplites Jobs’

Farming, everyday jobs.

Xenia

Hospitality

Tyranny

Government of cruel rule—Seen in Sparta and Athens

Democracy

Government system tht helped citizens be in and participate in government

Synoecism

Union of country and town

Agora

Marketplace

Khora

The land outside the city. Attica to Athens

Asty

The urban settlement—buildings and towns

Archaic

Early

Aristocrat

An elite/noble

Political unrest

War—civil or not

Lyric

Series of rhythmic verses sung with a lyre

Archon

Person wielding executive authority in Athens—9 archons every year

Debt Slavery

Give your body up to pay debts—Solon abolished debt slavery in 564 B.C.E.

Oligarchy

“Rule of the few” Small group rule a government

krypteia

Spartan Secret Service that would stop helot revolt in their colonies

Trireme

Atheian warship with oars.

Hellenic League

The alliance between the polies to combat the Persian Empire

Delian League

League led by Athens to stop any future Persian conflicts.

Thetes

Low class citizens in Athens that worked on and rowed the Triremes—Pericles fought for their rights.

Strategos

Athenian Military Leader

dionysia

The event devoted to Dionysis in Athens

Hoplite infantry

Military of a polis

peloponnesian league

The league of Sparta and its allies to combat the Delian League—Made because Athens made an alliance with Persia

Typhus

Disease that wiped out 1/3 of Athens in the Peloponnesian war—Respiratory and also killed Pericles

Herodotus

the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing. Ionian-born

Homer

800 B.C.E: wrote the odyssey and the Iliad; these books were later accepted as education.

Aristotle

one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great; didn't like democracy.

Thucydides

460-395 B.C.E. Athenian historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War. Exiled.

Xenophon

430-354 B.C.E.. Greek general and historian; student of Socrates. Athenian.

Plato

428-348 B.C.E: ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle; argued only real love was between 2 equal men, wanted to train Athenian leadership; created The Academy.

Croesus

596-546 B.C.E; last king of Lydia

Solon the reformer

630-560 B.C.E; a demagogue; self-made, merchant; was the sole Archon; . Created Solon's Reforms. Exiled himself. canceled all current land debts outlawed new loans and freed people who had fallen into slavery for debt.

Peisistratos

607-527 B.C.E; established tyranny in Athens; lasted only 2 generations

Cleisthenes

aristocrat that checked the power of oligarchs; overthrew the government in Athens, reorganized Athens; strengthened the power of the Athenian Assembly; extended the machinery of democratic government.

Hectateus

550-476 B.C.E; Milesian that expanded the horizon by mapping the world.

xenophanes

560-478 B.C.E.; Milesian philosopher; believed all human knowledge is based on experience

Aristogoras

The tyrant that ruled Miletus; started the Ionian revolt(499-494 B.C.E), which triggered the Persian War.

Darius

550-486 B.C.E: the king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon.

Xerxes

519-466 B.C.E.: Son of Darius, king of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated

Themistocles

524-459 B.C.E: The Athenian, who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians; told the Athenians to abandon Athens.

Miltiades

554-489 B.C.E: Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon.

Pericles

Athenian aristocrat whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; helped thetes gain rights in Athens; strategos for 15 years, made the Acropolis and Parthenon. Made an alliance with Persia

sophocles

496-406 B.C.E; Athenian; one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece.

aeschylus

525-456 B.C.E; Greek tragedian; the father of Greek tragic drama.

katharsis

purification of emotions

aristophanes

446-386 B.C.E: an Athenian dramatist remembered for his comedies.

euripides

one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece - Athenian

Milesian Philosophers

conveyed their ideas in verse, studied the physical world

concubines

Athenian women lived with men but had a lower status than their wives; sex workers

Metics

foreigners that came to Athens and had some privileges of citizenship

Cleon

Athenian leader that was the successor of Pericles, exiled Thucydides; didn't accept Sparta's peace treaty. Died in battle 5 years later.

Nikias

Athenian that killed all men, enslaved women and children in Melos.

Alkibiades

Ancient Athenian aristocrat and general in the Peloponnesian War; proposed to attack Syracuse, led the attack and lost the battle; exiles democracy in Athens.

Thirty Tyrants

Spartan oligarchy in Athens

socrates

469-399 B.C.E: Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon; executed; said that humans can determine things through reason, was not a pro-teacher; ardent patriot, method of instruction was conversation, pupils wrote down his teachings, said he knew nothing, focused on practical ethics, "the unexamined life is not worth living,", a product of Athenian democracy.

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician.

Pythagoreans

group that established key properties of odd and even numbers.

9th century BCE Aegean

Contact between Greeks and Phoenicians intensified

10th Cen BCE

Greeks copied Phoenicians ships to travel through the Mediterranean

Greeks Moved to Where?

Western Coast of Anatolia, Greeks named Ionia.

8th + 7th c. BCE

Small scale Greek trading ventures turned into full fledged mercantile settlements

Where did Greeks migrate to?

Southern Italy called "Magna Graecia" Greater Greece.

Where was Corinth located?

The land bridge between Attica and the Peloponnesus.

680 BCE Olympia

New sporting event; A four horse chariot race, became popular in the Roman Empire

Until the 6th c BCE

The aristocratic classes controlled most Greek polies.

621 BCE

Drakon sought to regulate violence through harsh punishments.

720BCE

Sparta subjugated and enslaved the indigenous people

650BCE

The helots revolted, briefly threading Spartan hegemony

Spartiates declined from 10,000 to what in the 7th c. BCE-4th c. BCE?

1,000

6th century BCE

Lydia was absorbed by the Persian empire

How where the Greeks different from others?

Individual and culture Participatory government Artistic innovation Powers of the mind

Spartan Flaws

Demographic; Spartiates declined to about 1,000 Placed little value on the written record Made human observations(starting point of knowledge) They sought physical explanations (movements of the heavens) They marginalized the role of God (in the natural world)

Challenge of the Persian wars

Male dominance competition Individual Achievement Freedom and Responsibility

Ionian Revolt (499-494 BC)

Herodotus probe the long term and immediate causes of the Persian wars

What did the Spartans refuse?

To send their army to help fight the Persians

Who sent 25 ships/crews to the Island of Euboea

Athens and Eritrea

494BCE

The rebellious polis were finally overwhelmed by the vastly superior might of Persia

Summer of 490BCE

A punitive expedition of 20,000 soldiers crossed the Aegean

The Battle of Marathon and its Aftermath

Persians landed in Africa Polis of Plataea offered the Athenians Aid Athenians Won!!! Persians retaliated with a bigger force.

Xerxes Invasion

Greeks delayed Persians at pass of Thermopylae, Spartan king Leonidas and 300 troops held off Persians for 2 days

486BCE

Darius the Great died and was succeeded by Xerxes Almost Attacked Greece to avenge his fathers shame 150,000-300,000 set out of Sordis crossed the Hellespont.

Who formed the Hellenic League?

Sparta, Athens, Corinth, and thirty cities

August 480BCE

Persian outnumbered Greek allies under leadership of Sparta. Athenian ships greatly reduced Persians numbers

Major five battles between Greece and Sparta

Marathon Artemisium Salamis Plateau Thermopylae

470 BCE

Athens crushed those who tried to break from Delian League

Who had a stronger navy?

Athens

Who was stronger on land?

Sparta

429BCE

Typhus epidemic killed Pericles

425BCE

Sparta offered peace which was rejected by Creon

423BCE

Thucidides exiled for traitors for task of lioerrotting city under Spartan control

415BCE

Alkibiades convinces Athenians to attack Syracuse in Sicily

411BCE

Citizens voted democracy out of existence, was replaced by oilgarchy of 400 members

Who did Sparta create an alliance with

The Persians

406BCE

A naval victory at Arginusae ended in a sudden storm. Prevented the Athenians commanders from rescuing sailors.

404BCE

Athenian fleet was destroyed, without ships, the Athenians could neither feed themselves nor defend the city Democracy was restored to Athens

Corinth and Thebes wanted what?

All Athens to be killed. Spartans suggested that only men are killed, women and children become slaves.

401BCE

Athens had restored a semblance of democratic governance. Persian empire increased its naval presence in the Aegean

546BCE

Persian conquest of Ionia, many Milesian philosophers fled to southern Italy.

Humanitarian

Care and act for others because they're human Dangerous; Relativism, Logic, Justice

"The un examined life is not worth living" Socrates

He knew nothing but chose to learn

399BCE

Socrates dies, deemed a traitor; Disloyal to the Gods Disloyal to the polis Corrupting the youth Was a martyr

Athens 399BCE

End of the Peloponnesian war, Athens was shook and violent internal upheavals from defeat.

Motives for Colonization

Land Hunger Trade Political unrest overpopulation Brought Greeks into contact with Phoenicians, Egyptians and other non-Greek speakers/ Barbarians