Chapter 5 Language and Relation: Mosaics of Culture

Ethnic religions

________, unless their adherents are dispersed, tend to be regionally confined or to expand only slowly and over long periods.

diffusion process

As a(n) ________, language spread may be impeded by barriers or promoted by their absence.

Australian English

British, American, Indian, and ________ are all acknowledged distinctive dialects of the same evolving language.

6th century BCE

Founded in the ________ in northern India by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha (Enlightened One)

Buddhism

________ also joined and influenced Japanese Shinto, the traditional religion of Japan that developed out of nature and ancestor worship.

Russia

________ has many words for snow and ice, Japan has more than 20 words for rice, Hawaiians have 47 words for banana.

English itself

________ is a product of change and diffusion, an offspring of proto- Germanic.

Hinduism

________ is based on the concepts of reincarnation and passage from one state of existence to another in an unending cycle of birth and death in which all living things are caught.

Caste rules

________ define who you can socialize with, who is an acceptable marriage partner, where you can live, what you may wear, eat, and drink, and how you can earn your livelihood.

Ramadan

All Muslims are expected to observe the five pillars of the faith: (1) repeated saying of the basic creed; (2) prayers five times daily at appointed times; (3) a month of daytime fasting during ________; (4) almsgiving; and, (5) if possible, a pilgrimage to Mecca.

lingua franca

A(n) ________ is an established language used habitually for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensible.

Big River

________ in English is translated into Rio Grande in Spanish, Mississippi in Algonquin, and Ta Ho in Chinese.

Contagious diffusion

________ spread the belief system throughout India.

Muslims

________ comprise about 2 percent, and Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists are each about 1 percent.

Toponymy

________ is the study of place names, a special interest of cultural geography.

Sikhism

________ is an ethnic religion with an estimated 24 million adherents.

America

________ has no official language and 21 % of the population speaks another language at home.

humanism

Nonreligious belief and value systems exist like ________ and marxism.

Far Eastern ethnic religions

The ________ are syncretisms (combinations of different beliefs and practices)

mosque

The ________ is a place of worship, community clubhouse, meeting hall, and school.

Islam

________ is growing in Europe and North America.

1st century

Christianity started due to a man named Jesus, a Jewish preacher of the ________ of the Common Era, the followers thought he was Christ, the saviour promised in the Jewish Scriptures.

London

During the 15th and 16th centuries, English as spoken in ________ emerged as the basic form of Early Modern English.

Western Church

For the ________, Rome was where it spread from through hierarchical diffusion, to provincial capitals and smaller Roman settlements of Europe.

informal worship

Religion: it involves practices of formal or ________ and addresses questions of meaning and ultimate significance.

Language

__________ is the defining characteristic of ethnic and cultural identity.

Eastern Europe

________ had many of the Jewish immigrants that came to the United States came during the later 19th and early 20th centuries and so were German- speaking countries due to the holocaust.

Western Europe

In ________, 700 years of Muslim rule in much of Spain were ended by Christian reconquest in 1492.

Languages

________ may be rigorously preserved as essential elements of cultural identity but they are abandoned in acceptance of a new society.

Linguistic geography

________ also affects what people use and say.

Religious beliefs

________ may justify social inequalities or work to eliminate them through activism.

holocaust

The ________ killed ⅓ of the Jewish population.

Hierarchical diffusion

________ of an official or prestigious language within urban centers and centers of power has occurred in many societies.

caste

The ________ is a structure of society and the primary aim is to participate in the social and ritual duties with the ________ and profession.

Protestant Reformation

The ________ of the 15th and 16th centuries split the church in the west, leaving Roman Catholicism supreme in southern Europe but installing a variety of Protestant denominations and national churches in western and northern Europe.

Buddhas teachings

The ________ were more a moral philosophy that offered an explanation for evil and human suffering than a formal religion.

Tribal religions

________ are found principally among peoples who have not yet been fully absorbed into modern cultures and economies or who are on the margins of more populous and advanced societies.

Ethnic religions

________ have strong territorial and cultural group identification.

Islam

________ which means "submission "(to the will of God) comes from the same Judaic roots as Christianity and is similar to monotheistic beliefs.

Hinduism

________ is the worlds oldest major religion, about 4, 000 or more years old.

Buddhism

________ has suffered greatly in Asian lands that came under communist control: Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet, North Korea, China, and parts of Southeast Asia.

Islam

________ crosses boundaries of race, ethnicity, language, and social status.

Hinduism

________ derives its name from its cradle area in the valley of the Indus River.

Buddhism

________ was implanted in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia in the 3rd century BCE.