Miss Meyer's Chapter 1 Biology Test Study Guide

Definition of Biology

The study of life

How many characteristics of life are there?

7

Name the characteristics of life

organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution

How many cells must all living things be made of?

At least one or more

List the smallest to largest levels of cell organization

Atoms, biomolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Describe atom and give examples

the smallest particle of an element; oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

Describe biomolecule and give examples

chemical compound that is essential to processes in organisms; protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Describe organelle and give examples

specialized structure within a cell; mitochondrion, nucleus, ribosome, vesicle

Describe cell and give examples

the smallest unit that can perform all of life's processes; red blood cells, nerve cells, skin cells

Difference between multicellular and unicellular

Multicellular is an organism with multiple cells (rabbit, humans, trees) while unicellular is an organism with a single cell (bacteria)

Describe tissue and give examples

group of cells with similar abilities; nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue

Describe organ and give examples

collection of tissue with a specific function; brain, lung, kidneys, heart

Describe organ system and give examples

group of organs that work together; respiratory system, digestive system, circulatory system

Describe organism and give examples

an individual animal, plant, fungus, or unicellular life form

__________ organisms jump straight from cell to organism

unicellular

What is a stimulus?

a physical or chemical change in an internal or external environment that causes a reaction (light, sound, touch/pressure, temperature

What does a response to stimulus do?

Is used as a survival method for organisms in which they respond/react to internal & external changes (getting jump scared=flinch; shark smells blood=hunt; pupils dilating in response to light changes)

What is homeostasis and give examples

regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism; sweat glands producing sweat in response to heat, hunger pains when blood glucose levels are low, shivering/goosebumps in response to cold

Differences between response to stimulus and homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the regulation of a stable internal environment while response to stimuli is a change in either your internal or external environment that causes a reaction

What is metabolism and give examples

sum of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism (process where your body breaks down food into energy and disposes waste)

Name 2 Major processes/chemical reactions involved in metabolism

photosynthesis (creates sugar), cellular respiration (breaks down sugar)

Finish the sentence: All living things grow from ______________________

the enlargement and division of cells

Describe cell division

the process of 2 new cells forming from an existing cell

Describe development and what it involves

an organism becomes a mature adult which involves cell division, cell differentiation, mental enhancement, and social interactions

What is cell differentiation

when generic cells (stem cells) become special by acquiring a specific function (stem cells can become many different types), unicellular cannot do this

What is reproduction and why is it important if it isn't necessary for an organism's survival?

when new individuals are produced from "parent" individual(s) and it is important because a SPIECES must reproduce if they want to survive

Name 2 types of reproduction, give definition and example

sexual - the DNA of two "parents" combines to form genetically different offspring (humans, cats) (the organisms must be able to make the cells sperm and egg) asexual (a=not) - one "parent" makes clones (identical) of itself (bacteria (except for mutations) and many invertebrates such as worms, starfish, potatoes, and daffodils

Define reproduction

When new individuals are made from "parental" organisms

Definition of Evolution

unnecessary for organism to survive; change in generic makeup and frequency over generations

What is the scientific method?

organized approach scientists use to study the world around them

Name the 8 steps of the scientific method

1. Observe - notice a natural occurrence 2. Ask - ask a question about the occurrence 3. Hypothesis - a proposed educated guess/theory to answer you question 4. Make a predicament - statement describing what you think will happen if you tested your hypothesis format: if i do this then that will happen 5. Experiment - test your hypothesis 6. Analyze data - use graphs and statistics 7. Publish your findings 8. Revise hypothesis and test again as needed

What are 2 things necessary for an experiment to be considered controlled?

Compares an experimental group and control group, only one dependent variable

What is a control group and why is it important?

group that is not manipulated by the researcher and it is important because you need it to compare your experiment to something

What does an experimental group have that a control group doesn't?

variables

Difference between dependent and independent variables?

Independent variable causes changes in the dependent variable while dependent is what is being tested and changed

Difference between qualitative and quantitative?

quantitative is numerical data (ACT scores, weight, distance, length) qualitative is data expressed without numbers (scent, color)

Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

Inductive is going from specific to broad generalizations while deductive goes from broad to specific claims

List the key pieces of the microscope and explain

Eyepiece- you look through it to see the specimen Nosepiece - you can turn it to switch objectives Objectives - the 3 different magnification levels Stage clips - holds down the slide and keeps it still Diaphragm- controls the amount of light Illuminator - light source

State the magnification levels of the eyepiece, scanning, low power, and high power

10, 4 (red), 10 (yellow), 40 (blue)

Equation for total magnification

total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification