Chinese Civil War Noun Check

foreign devils

imperialist powers including Britain, France, and Japan who exploited China's economic assets.

foreign concessions/foreign enclaves

areas in china governed by foreign powers also had foreign laws

International Settlement

area in Shanghai that included many non-Chinese and operated as an independent city.

bourgeois classes

middle class property owners

Marxism

"communism", policy that the CCP aligned more with, the people would revolt, class warfare, government would retain absolute power.

proletariat

the working class in industrialized society, would lead the class revolution in Marxism.

guerrilla style campaign

CCP's fighting style - small groups burst fighting

mobile defense

- new CCP strategy - successful - protect territory-don't expand, weaken enemy via ambush - kinda like an anaconda

conscripts

avg citizens in army

recruitment gangs

- Sent to countryside to get troops by Nationalists - used brutal methods

corvee labor

a labor tax of unpaid work by CCP

cooperative farms

individually owned but collectively managed and worked farms

collective farms

no individual ownership, collectively managed farms

Generalissimo

military commander - Chiang

Pu Yi

Last emperor of China

Yuan Shikai

- used military power to get power after collapse of the Qing dynasty - death created power vacuum

Sun Yatsen

established Nationalist Party (1912) inspired "three principles of the people"

Chiang Kai-shek

leader of nat. party -> chairman of nat. gov

General Ba Chongxi

anti-commie general under Chiang, led the White Terror

Otto Braun

German general - told commies to get rid of guerilla - bad idea - got booted out

Mao Zedong

- leader of CCP - created "Maoism"

Liu Wenhui

- nat. war lord - led clash at Luding Bridge

Yan Xishan in Shanxi

- regional warlord - Chiang made alliance w/ him

Zhang Xueliang in Manchuria

- regional warlord - Chiang made alliance w/ him

Dai Li

head of the Investigation and Statistical Bureau

Soongs

- Chiang's relatives - Chiang promoted and relied on them -> corruption

General Joseph Stilwell

- U.S. commander - said Chiang is corrupt and incompetent

General Albert C. Wedemeyer

- US Army chief - said Chiang made mistake @ shanhaiguan pass by diverting troops from important areas

Lin Biao

Chinese commander under Mao; trained at Chiang Kai-shek's Whampoa Academy in the 1920s

Fu Zuoyi

- Nationalist commander - surrendered Beijing

Dean Acheson

- US secretary of state - said U.S aid shoulda been good enough for Nationalists to win, they didn't win cuz Nationalists sucked

George Marshall

- US general - unify nats and commies in non-commie gov to act as a wall for soviets

Madame Chiang

- Wife of Chiang Kai-shek - Incresed US support for the Chinese Civil War- Nationalist

"Three Principles of the People"

Nationalist ideology nationalism, popular sovereignty, and the principle of the people's livelihood - inspired by Sun yatsen

"Manifesto of the First National Congress of the Nationalist Party"

The nationalist document containing the Three Principles of the People

"principle of the people's livelihood"

aimed to improve the welfare of the people - redistribute land - nationalization - state support

Mao Zedong Thought

Mao's interpretation of Marxism - make marxism fit in china - peasant revolution

New Life Movement

- nationalist - encourage morals and obedience to state

Treaty of Tanggu

Chiang acknowledged independence of Manchukuo to Japan

trading space for time

- Chiang's strategy to not engage Japan and wait because they'd spread themselves thin - showed Chiang as weak

Strongpoint Offensive

lack of success in Manchuria prompted Chiang to focus on cities in central and eastern provinces

urban strategic focus

- focus on holding key cities across multiple provinces without securing the countryside - left Nationalist forces overextended and vulnerable to seige

social revolution

overthrow of society's state and class structures and creation of new ones

On New Democracy by Mao

- Maos book - how china will pursue a different path to democracy

general mobilization bill

- issued by Chiang to give nats. unrestricted power of conscripts

Civil Code of 1930

- Divorce is ok - arranged marriage no more - equal inheritance

labor law in 1931

- women should be payed same as men

Marriage Law of May 1950

- divorce is ok - no arranged marriage - husband can't divorce pregnant wife

Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces

severe famine

Hunan Province

- rents frequently 70% of the value of crops produced - Autumn Harvest Uprising took place here

Shanghai

- large urban area - lots of death in slums - International Settlement

Canton

- 2nd CCP counterattack here - nats won

Jiangxi Soviet

post white terror base for soviet leaders

Yanan Province

new base for CCP after long march

Manchuria

Japan occupied, then when they left, conflict started here again btwn CCP and nats

puppet state of Manchukuo

idk, text me if you have it plz

Chongqing

- Nationalists moved capital here during the second Sino-Japanese War - citizens felt gov abandoned them

Shandong

CCP in strong position to take

Shenyang

Japanese arms depot that the Soviets gave the CCP access to

Shanhaiguan Pass

- first confrontation - nat won but this diverted troops

Harbin

CCP's last urban stronghold in Manchuria

Sangari River Camp

CCP inflicted considerable casualties on Nationalists and captured their weaponry

Shijiazhuang in Hebei province

first major city captured by the CCP

Siping

second major city captured by the CCP

separatist regions of Tibet and Xinjiang

outside of CCP and NAT control until after war

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mid 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Hundred Days of Reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils" - ended by brit troops

First Sino-Japanese War

conflict between China and Japan in 1894-1895 over control of Korea

Revolution of 1911-1912

inspired by Nationalist Party ideals, caused the Qing Dynasty to collapse

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence

The Northern Expedition

CCP and nationalist joint campaign to defeat warlords

White Terror

- attacks on CCP by green gang - sanctioned by Chiang

Autumn Harvest Uprising

- First CCP uprising - Guerilla style - Nats won

encirclement campaigns

- nationalist gov aim to destroy commies - defensive victory for commies first 4 times

Fifth Encirclement Campaign

only successful encirclement campaign by Nationalists

Battle at Guangchang

- CCP counterattack to fifth encirclement campaign - FAIL - CCP Evacuation

Long March

- CCP retreat to Yunan while being followed by nats - 20k of 90k survived

Clashes at Luding Bridge over the Dadu River

- CCP fought Lin Wenhuis troops here

Zunyi Conference

- January 1935 during the Long March - declared that Mao was leader of the party.

9 December Movement

students demonstrated against Japanese invasions and Chiang's response

Xi'an Incident

the warlord Zhang Xueliang was supposed to attack a CCP base but instead turned on Chiang and kidnapped him. Chiang was released after agreeing to the Second United Front

guerrilla campaigns

initiated against Japan by CCP

Rectification of Conduct Campaigns

Mao punished those in CCP that criticized him

Marco Polo Bridge

- Chinese and Japanese clashed here - started second Sino-Japanese War

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese captured this city and raped, tortured, and killed thousands of civilians

capital moved to Chongqing

- Nationalists moved to a new capital during second Sino-Japanese War - meant to be strategic, seen as weak

Hundred Regiments Campaign

- CCP attack on Jap - destroy rail

Ichigo Offensive

Jap offense to sweep south

Manchuria campaign

CCP captured many cities in Manchuria

CCP's Haui-hai Campaign

campaign focus on cities - starved them out through winter and cut resources

Pingjin Campaign

- CCP decimates Nationalists - Chiang attempted peace talks, Mao says no

surrender of Beijing

Fu Zuoyi surrendered it

Dixie Mission

- US visit to Yan'an in July 1944 - effort to gather info and make relations w CCP

Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan

- Chiang fled here after losing the war - Still claimed to be the official government

Three-Antis Campaign of 1951

first campaign to eradicate CCP enemies

Five-Antis Campaign of January 1952

second campaign to eradicate CCP enemies

Reunification Campaigns

meant to assimilate Tibet into peoples republic - suppressed Taiwan's history and religion

First Taiwan Strait Crisis

ROC established troops on islands in the Taiwanese Strait by mainland china, PRC shelled it

context of Cold War

in 1954, the US wanted to make sure the conflict didn't escalate, authorized by congress to defend Taiwan from communism

Second Taiwan Strait Crisis

- 1958 - tensions flared, similar results to the first crisis

warlords

wealthy ppl with private armies established themselves as regional dictator

Nationalists/GMD/KMT

unified and independent China, led by Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

- The authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present - Mao Is leader

Bolsheviks

- group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 - inspired resistance across the world - gave assistance to CCP

Comintern

Communist International, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging worldwide communist revolution.

First and Second United Front

CCP and Nationalists unison to eliminate other groups like warlords and Jap in china

Green Gang

- criminal organization who led White Terror - Nationalists

League of Nations

- an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations - led negotiations and mediated

Nationalists vs. Red Army

Nat- cities Reds- Country

Special Company of the 2nd Independent Division of the Chinese Red Army

female only unit in the Red Army

Order Keeping Committees

monitor neighbors and colleagues and make sure they weren't anti communist

People's Liberation Army (PLA)

The combined armed forces of the People's Republic of China, which includes land, sea, air, and strategic missile forces

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) - the last imperial dynasty of China overthrown by revolutionaries - anti-western

Republic of China

(1912-1949), took place after the Qing dynasty, Nationalist party tried to unite China

Warlord Period

- 1916-1927 - warlords ruled China with no central power

First United Front

- 1923-1927 - CCP and Nationalists united to eliminate warlords.

Nanjing Period

- 1927-1937 - Nationalist rule, a period of modernization and growth

First Civil War China

not sure what to put here, text me if you have an idea

World War II

- 1935-46 - contributed to end of Japanese rule in China

Yanan Era

- 1935-1946 - CCP moved here in the countryside and got peasant support - Mao accepted as leader

Second Civil War

- 1945-1949 - after end of second Sino-Japanese War - nats originally had advantage, CCP worked to win

Second Sino-Japanese War

- 1937-1945 - Japan extended control throughout China - Nats. and CCP worked together to defeat Jap

Second United Front

- 1936-1941 - When nationalists and communists united again to resist japan

Whampoa Military Academy

- CCP training academy - many who attended held senior positions

land-reform policies

- land given to peasants - kill the landlords evolved to collective and co-operative farms

role of U.S. and USSR

- US gave the Nationalists aid - USSR gave the CCP aid

Investigation and Statistical Bureau

CCP organization of network of spies to eliminate Nationalist opponents

Anti-Japanese University

- CCP - train recruits for war against Japan

Communist People's Republic China (PRC)

Maos party after CCP win

Republic of China (ROC)

Chiang's government in Taiwan

Korean War

- another commie v anti-commie war - U.S played big role due to the failures in China and how that resulted in increase commie control

President Eisenhower

stood firm against communism

Formosa Revolution

authorized US troops to Taiwan in the First Taiwan Strait Crisis

Vietnam War

- interventionist policy by U.S due to loss in China

James Sheridan's China in Disintegration

examines Chiang and the Nationalists during the war

Lily Xiao Hong Lee & Sue Wiles' Women of the Long March

contains details from women who participated in the march, their hardships.

Immanuel Hsu's The Rise of Modern China

textbook covering 400 years of Chinese history, believed Nationalists was so depleted that it could not cope with the postwar era

Jack Gray's Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1880's to the 1980's

covers Chinese history from 1800's-2000's, believed Nationalists tried to figure out their problems but they failed.

Odd Arne Westad's Restless Empire

examines China and their foreign affairs over 250 years.

Sun Shuyun's Long March

- reality of long march - showed it was exaggerated

Edgar Snow's Red Star over China

account of the CCP, Red Army, believed Long March was a great triumph.

Mao's poetry

- glorified CCP