bio exam 3

Uric acid

Elevated blood levels of this substance can cause gout (or gouty arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

An immune system problem may cause this type of arthritis:

Aging, obesity, irritation of the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and abrasion

Identify two risk factors for osteoarthritis

Sprain

forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bones

Strain

stretched or partially torn muscle or muscle and tendon

Plantar joints

permit mainly side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding movements

Hinge joint

movement is primarily flexion or extension in a single plane

Pivot joint

Movement is rotational.

Ellipsoidal or Condyloid joint

movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction.

Saddle joint

Movements include flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction.

Ball-and-socket joint

This type of joint is the most versatile as it allows movement in any axis. Movement includes flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

Rheumatoid arthritis

What type of arthritis is an autoimmune disease?

Gouty arthritis

What type of arthritis is a metabolic disease

Ball-and-socket joint

What type of joint has the widest range of motion

Temporomandibular joint

What is the name and type of joint is between the mandible and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone?

Synovial Fluid in synovial membrane reduces friction by lubricating the joint absorbing shocks supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage.

Can you think of a body fluid with the consistency of egg white? Also, where do you find this fluid and what purpose does it serve?

The knee

which synovial joint has 13 bursae sacks

​​Osteoarthritis

caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints.

Acute gouty arthritis:

caused by a defect in metabolism that results in an overproduction of uric acid or a reduced ability of the kidney to eliminate uric acid.

Rheumatoid arthritis

cause is unknown, infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi have long been suspected, none has been proven as the cause

Bursitis

Joint disorder resulting when Lyme's disease or syphillis is untreated

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint/ ball and socket joint

Type of joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity

Elbow Joint

The olecranon reduces friction when this joint moves

Knee joint

The prepatella reduces friction when this joint moves

Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

The subacromial reduces friction when this joint moves

Knee joint

This joint contains both a lateral and medial meniscus

Gouty Arthritis

This type of arthritis is the result of EXCESS uric acid in the blood

Suture

This type of fibrous joint unites the bones of the skull

Knee menisci

This joint contains articular discs (menisci) of fibrocartilage:

Synovial joint (The knee joint carries an infrapatellar fat pad)

This joint contains a pad of adipose tissue (fat pad):

Atlanto-axial

Name the PIVOT joint formed by the odontoid process (dens) of the axis and the atlas

Elbow, Interphalangeal joints, and Knee joint

Which of the following joints can experience a hyperextension without injury?

Temporalis

What muscle ELEVATES the mandible

Orbicularis oculi

What muscle is important for closing the eye

Orbicularis oris

What muscle closes and protrudes the lips, as in KISSING

Zygomaticus major

What muscle offers the look of SMILING

​​Occipitofrontalis

What muscle offers the look of SURPRISE

​​Temporalis

What muscle is controlled by the TRIGEMINAL nerve?

Latissimus dorsi

What muscle inserts into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

Trapezius

What muscle has an ORIGIN including C7 and T1 - T12?

Biceps femoris

What muscle FLEXES the leg at the knee

Gluteus maximus

What muscle inserts into the ILIOTIBIAL TRACT

Deltoid

What muscle inserts into the DELTOID TUBEROSITY of the humerus

Buccinator

this muscle plays an important role in suckling and whistling

Platysma

this muscle plays an important role in depressing the mandible (OPENING the mouth):

Zygomaticus MINOR

this muscle plays an important role in SNARLING

​​Mentalis

this muscle plays an important role in POUTING

Facial (VII) nerve

cranial nerve that controls Buccinator

​​Facial (VII) nerve

cranial nerve that controls Platysma

​​Facial (VII) nerve

cranial nerve that controls Zygomaticus MINOR

​​Facial (VII) nerve

​​cranial nerve that controls Mentalis

Latissimus dorsi muscle

muscle sometimes called the "Swimmer's Muscle":

Trapezius

muscle important for shrugging your shoulders:

Gluteus maximus

muscle whose insertion includes the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity:

Splenius capitis

muscle important for rotating the head

Deltoid

muscle whose insertion includes the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

This organelle within the muscle fiber (cell) stores calcium ions until needed for contraction:

Diaphragm

The origin of this muscle includes the xiphoid process; insertion is the central tendon. Contraction of this muscle leads to increased vertical dimension of thoracic cavity which in turn leads to INSPIRATION (inhalation)

Myasthenia gravis

This autoimmune disease of muscles leads to progressive muscle weakness and ultimate muscle paralysis

Accessory (XI) nerve, C2, and C3.

CRANIAL nerve that controls the muscle Sternocleidomastoid

Mandibular division of trigeminal (V) nerve

CRANIAL nerve that controls the muscle Masseter

Splenius capitis

What muscle letter is responsible for extending and hyper-extending the head

Sternocleidomastoid

What muscle letter is responsible for flexing the head as when one prays

Extension and Flexion

Movements that take place at the elbow

Elevation & Depression Lateral Displacement Slight Rotation Protraction & Retraction

movements take place at the temporomandibular joint

Flexion & Extension Abduction & Adduction Internal rotation & External rotation

These movements take place at the shoulder (Glenohumeral) joint

Arrector pili muscles

This type of muscle controls airway and artery diameter and causes goosebumps

calcium facilitates the interaction between actin and myosin during contractions

Why is calcium so important for muscle contraction?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Where are calcium ions stored within muscle cells

Hinge Joints

Flexion and extension is the only type of movement performed at which type of joint

Epimysium

What is the name of the connective tissue covering of the entire muscle, including the blood vessels and nerves

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Elevated blood levels of uric acid may lead to which disorder

Inadequate release of calcium ions from the SR Depletion of creatine phosphate Insufficient oxygen

What are three likely contributing causes of muscle fatigue

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber least likely to experience muscle fatigue

Skeletal and Cardiac

Two types of muscle tissue with striations

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the greatest number of mitochondria

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the least number of mitochondria

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the greatest amount of glycogen

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the least amount of glycogen

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber storing the greatest amount of creatine phosphate

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber storing the least amount of creatine phosphate

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the greatest amount of myoglobin

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the least amount of myoglobin

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the least number of blood capillaries

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber containing the greatest number of blood capillaries:

1.Blood vessels 2.Airways 3.Stomach 4.Intestines 5.Urinary bladder 6.Uterus

List six (6) locations in the body where smooth muscle is found:

Muscular dystrophy

Sex-linked genetic disease that causes skeletal muscles to degenerate:

Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune disease that causes progressive muscle weakness

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

What is sarcoplasm

A fluid-filled system of membranous sacs

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum

Phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value

What happens to the resting membrane potential when depolarization takes place

Repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value

What happens to the resting membrane potential when repolarization takes place?

Elbow and Knee

Flexion and extension is the ONLY type of movement possible at these (pure hinge) joints:

Pivot

Rotation is the ONLY movement produced at this joint

Shoulder Hip Wrist

Identify the joints where movement includes circumduction

Glenohumeral joint

Type of joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity

Eosinophils

Phagocytic white blood cell that attacks parasitic worms in the body

Polycythemia

The blood tests Hematocrit and Hemoglobin level may indicate if you have this disorder:

Neutrophils (60%-70%) Lymphocytes (20%-25%) Monocytes (3%-8%) Eosinophils (2%-4% Basophils (0.5%-1%)

In the order of greatest to least amount, list the five (5) types of white blood cells (leukocytes)

Histamine

Identify the allergy-related substance released by basophils

Polycythaemia

This condition results in an abnormal INCREASE in the number of erythrocytes and is considered a malignancy

Hemophilia

This is a sex-linked genetic disorder manifested by the inability of blood to clot due to a defective or missing component in the coagulation cascade - the gene is carried by females but almost all afflicted are males:

7.40

The ideal pH for blood

inadequate iron in diet

cause of Iron-deficient Anemia

insufficient red blood cell production due to a deficiency in vitamin B12

cause of Pernicious Anemia

premature destruction of red blood cells

cause of Hemolytic Anemia

insufficient red blood cell production due to damaged bone marrow

cause of Aplastic Anemia

Anemia

Insufficient Red Cell mass. A condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to a decreased number of RBCs or a decreased amount of hemoglobin

Leukemia (acute)

a fast-growing cancer of the white blood cells that is most common in children under ten. ​​Can overrun the body within a few weeks or months

Polycythemia

An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells - considered a malignancy

Thrombocytopenia

A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets in the blood.

Leukemia (chronic):

Slow-growing and progressively worsens over years. In chronic leukemia, the blood-forming cells eventually mature, or differentiate, but they are not "normal"

Thrombocytosis

An elevated platelet count in blood would put a patient at high risk for:

Macrophages

Monocytes are the parent cell for this immune cell

Erythrocytes

This type of blood cell will survive for up to 120 days in the circulation

Erythroblasts

Name often used for immature red blood cells

Phlebotomy (bloodletting)

"Old fashioned" treatment for Polycythemia

B-type lymphocytes, T-type lymphocytes, Natural killer-type lymphocytes

List the three general types of lymphocytes:

No

Can you (AB positive) donate blood to an individual who is AB negative?

Yes

Can you (O positive) donate blood to an individual who is B positive?

No

Can you (B negative) donate blood to an individual who is A positive?

No

Can you (AB negative) receive blood from an individual who is B positive?

No

Can you (B postive) receive blood from an individual who is AB negative?

A Positive, B Positive ,AB Positive, O Positive

If your blood type is O positive what blood types can you donate blood to?

O Negative, O Positive

If your blood type is O positive what blood types can you receive blood from?

B Positive, AB Positive, AB Negative

If your blood type is B negative what blood types can you donate blood to?

AB Positive, B Positive

If your blood type is B positive what blood types can you donate blood to?

B Negative, B Positive , O Negative, O Positive

If your blood type is B positive what blood types can you receive blood from?

Polycythemia

This blood-based disorder or disease is often initially treated by bleeding the patient (bloodletting):

Thrombocytopenia

A LOW platelet count in blood would put a patient at high risk for which of the following disorders or problems:

Neutrophilia

This PHAGOCYTIC white blood cell (WBC) is the most common WBC in blood

Lymphocytes

This type of white blood cell includes natural killer cells:

100-120 days

Expected lifetime for an erythrocyte in the circulation:

Red blood cells without nuclei

Define what a RETICULOCYTE is:

5 to 9 days

The expected lifetime for a platelet in the circulation:

Anticoagulants

This drug can be used to dissolve a blood clot in an UNBROKEN blood vessel?

Vitamin K

Name a natural substance that will improve or INCREASE the ability of blood to clot?

Basophilia

Name the LEAST common type of white blood cell in blood:

baby will develop Hemolytic disease of the newborn

If the mother has Rh negative blood while the fetus is Rh positive, what is the danger to the fetus?

7.35-7.45

What is the optimal pH (range) of blood?

5.5 liters in each adult male and 4.5 liters in female.

Based on your gender, how much blood should you have in your body?

Sickle cell anemia

an inherited disorder characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells caused by mutant hemoglobin

polycythemia

What disease is bloodletting still used to treat and how would you recognize it?

thrombosis

clotting in an unbroken blood vessel

embolism

occur when the thrombus (blood clot) becomes a mobile embolus and migrates to another part of the body, interfering with blood circulation and hence impairing organ function downstream of the occlusion

Hemophilia is the disorder in which blood is not able to properly clot and is most likely to occur in males since it is genetic and is in the X chromosome. This means a female can have the hemophilia gene but since females have two X chromosomes the second one acts as a backup, but males only have one.

What is hemophilia and who is most likely to become affected?

Coagulation

also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.