osteo final

ribs ossification centeres

POC: rib body SOC: head and tubercle

rib fusion times

-appear in the teens -fuse in early adulthood

Costal demifacet

articulation point between rib head and vertebral body

costal facet of transverse process

articulation point of rib tubercle with transverse process of vertebrae

sternocostal joints

synovial joint between sternum and costal cartilage

costochondral joints

cartilaginous (immobile) joints between rib and costal cartilage

True ribs

ribs 1-7

false ribs

ribs 8-10

floating ribs

ribs 11 & 12

Hyoid ossification

endochondral from greater horns (1st), body (1 or 2 centers) and lesser horns (last)

stylohyoid ligaments

suspend hyoid from styloid process of temporal bone to lesser horns

thyrohyoid membrane

membrane of larynx connecting to hyoid

hyoepiglottic ligaments

attachment of epiglottis to body and greater horns

function of hyoid

muscle and ligament attachment site, speaking

Clavicle ossification

intramembranous from POC: shaft and SOC medial epiphyses

Clavicle fusion times

SOCs appear by 18-20 and fuse around 25

Acromioclavicular joint

synovial joint where the acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula

sternoclavicular joint

synovial joint where sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum

Scapula ossification

endochondral from POC: scapular blade and SOCs(7): coracoid process, inferior aspect of glenoid fossa, inferior angle, vertebral border, and acromion process

(scapular) coracoid processes and inferior aspect of glenoid fossa fusion times

16-18 years

(scapular) inferior angle and vertebral border fusion times

19-23 years

scapular acromion process fusion time

18-20 years

subscapular basin muscle

subscapularis muscle

supraspinous fossa muscle

supraspinatus muscle

infraspinous fossa muscle

infraspinatus muscle

Carpal #

8

Metacarpal #

5

manual phalanges #

14

carpal ossification

endochrondral oss, single center per carpal

arm bone articulations with carpals

radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate, the ulna DOES NOT articulate with ANY carpals

palmar

anterior, palm surface

dorsal

posterior, back of hand

ulnar

medial

radial

lateral

Metacarpal ossification

endochondral from POC: shafts and SOC: distal end MC 2-5; MC1 SOC is the proximal end

MC1 ossification

SOC is at the proximal end for the head

Manual phalanges ossification

distal phalanges have one OC each, intermediate and proximal have one POC for the shaft and a SOC for the proximal base

femur ossification

endochondral from POC: diaphysis and SOCs (4) femoral head, greater and lesser trochanters, and distal epiphysis

femoral head fusion time

12-19

greater trochanter fusion time

14-18

lesser trochanter fusion time

16-17

femoral distal epiphysis fusion time

14-20

Fovea capitis attachment

ligamentum teres

lesser trochanter attachment

iliopsoas

gluteal tuberosity attachment

gluteus maximus

linea aspea attachment

adductors of the hip

patella ossification

endochondral ossification from 1 POC that appears at 3-6 years

Tibia ossification

endochondral from POC: diaphysis and SOCs: proximal epiphysis, tibial tuberosity, and distal epiphysis

tibial proximal epiphysis fusion

13-19 years

tibial tuberosity fusion

12-14 years

tibial distal epiphysis fusion

14-20 years

tibial tuberosity attachment

quadriceps femoris

soleal (popliteal) line attachment

soleus muscle

fibula ossification

endochondral from POC: diaphysis and SOCs: proximal and distal epiphyses

fibular proximal epiphysis fusion

12-20 years

fibular distal epiphysis fusion

12-18 years

Tarsal #

7

metatarsal #

5

pedal phalanges #

14

plantar

bottom of foot

dorsal

top of foot

Transverse arch

runs across top of foot

Longitudinal arch

heel-to-toe arch along bottom of foot

Tarsal ossification

endochondral, one center for each tarsal EXCEPT calcaneous

calcaneous ossification

has SOC: calcaneal tuberosity that fuses to the calcaneous at 15-20 years

metatarsal ossification

endochondral; all POCs are the shaft; MT 2-5 have SOC at the distal end for the head and MT1 has SOC at the proximal end for the head

MT1 ossification

SOC is at the proximal end

Plexiform bone

a non-Haversion system of bone organization in non-humans that looks like bricks and consists of lamellar bone sandwiched by nonlamellar bone

Osteon banding

When osteons are arranged in straight lines or bands, only seen in nonhumans

characteristics of human bone

primary or secondary lamellar bone and Haversion systems

Steps of bone growth and repair

1. Woven bone 2. Primary bone 3. Secondary bone

characteristics of woven bone formation

forms quickly, is very poorly organized and is fuzzy looking

characteristics of primary bone formation

laid down on top of woven bone, beginning of sheets called lamellae form, and primary osteons are present without full Haversion systems

Secondary bone formation characteristics

the result of resorption of primary bone, composed of secondary osteons and complete Haversion systems

Woven bone

not arranged in lamellar sheets, small and randomly arranged type 1 collagen fibers that rapidly mineralize making this bone more mineralized than lamellar bone, and it is formed in a lattice structures with lots of large pores

bone remodeling

formation of secondary osteons that replaces and repairs old/injured bone. osteoblasts and blasts work together

bone modeling

formation of bone during developmental years that increases length and/or width of bone in the form of primary osteons. This only occurs on preexisting woven bone or cartilage and blasts and blasts work independently of each other

bone remodeling steps

1. Activation: osteocytes trigger osteoclastic condensation 2. Resorption: osteoclastic activity gets rid of old/damaged bone 3. Reversal: switch from osteoclastic to osteoblastic activity where the border is cleaned and collagen removed 4. Formation/mineralization: osteoblasts secrete osteoid which is laid down as secondary lamellar bone and is then mineralized.

primary lamellar bone

parallel laminar sheets that are dense with very few vascular canals and lacking full Haversion systems

Primary osteons

seen in primary lamellar bone, formed by infilling of large vascular changes that lack well-defined boundary. They are very small and oval shaped

Secondary Lamellar bone

bone laid down during remodeling composed of secondary osteons with complete Haversian Systems (cortical)

BSU

basic structural units, osteon with Haversian system

Cement Line

point on secondary osteons where osteoclastic resorption stops and bone formation begins, controls fatigue and fracture process by absorbing shock

Interstitial bone

traces of old primary bone that is preexisting but not yet remodeled, present in straight sheets of lamellae

Odontoclasts

cells that help absorb the roots of deciduous teeth

predentin

newly formed dentin before being fully mineralized

initial enamel matrix

initial deposition of enamel before mineralization that is only 30% mineral weight of normal 96% mineralized enamel

external enamel microstructures

perikymata

internal enamel microstructures

prisms, striae of rhetzius and cross-striations

perikymata

transverse horizontal ridges and grooms on the surface of tooth enamel that represent the intersection of striae

perikymata biorhythm

weekly

perikymata periodicities

cuspal enamel widest lines, followed by mid crown with the thinnest lines being in the cervical area

Prisms

bundles of crystallites that make horizontal rows of deposition -full road made up of individual cross striation bricks

cross striations

regular cross banding that represents daily deposition by ameloblasts; -bricks that make up prism road

striae of rhetzius

darkened, thicker lines that cut across enamel prisms on a larger scale and reflect weekly biorhythm -horizontal lines painted across the brick road -terminate at the surface as perikymata

dentin microstructures

dentin tubules, Von-Ebner lines, and Andersen lines

dentin tubules

fluid filled channels that contact nerves and provide sensory function

Von Ebner lines

daily secretions by odontoblasts comparable to cross striations

Andersen lines

6-10 days of secretions by odontoblasts comparable to striae of rhetzius

cementum

collagen rich, mostly acellular matrix laid down annually by cementoblasts. They do not continually remodel like bone, it just gets thicker and thicker to keep the tooth in the socket

cementoblasts

cells that produce cementum

cementocytes

cementoblasts that become trapped in the lacunae who continue to secrete cementum until cell death

Sharpey's fibers

collagenous fibers that extend through the periodontal ligament to the root cementum

Neonatal line (NNL)

accentuated line in all deciduous dentition and the M1 that is associated with the stress of the birthing event; its presence is indicative of live birth survival

accentuated line

thicker, darkened and more pronounced striae of rhetzius that reflects systemic growth disruption

NNL location

in the enamel closer to the DEJ

Dentition formation

1. dentin horns form 2. Enamel deposits on top of dentin horns, moving outwards 3. Dentin and enamel deposit with dentin moving downwards towards root and enamel moving up towards cusp 4. Crown completed first 5. Roots fully form