Quiz #4: The Brain That Changes Itself (copy)

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Determine whether neurons develop from ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm.

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Determine whether neurons develop from ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm.

ectoderm (epidermis & nervous system)

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2
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Outline the steps of neurulation.

  1. neural plate elongates (day 17-18 after fertilization)

  2. neural plate folds (day 22)

  3. neural tube closes (day 25-27)

neural plate --> neural groove --> neural tube --> neural axis --> brain & spinal cord

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Identify the active ingredients in acne medication which can cause birth defects.

isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid)

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4
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Identify the direction in which the layers of the cortex develops.

cortex develops inside out

inner cortical layers develop first, then layer outer cortical layers

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5
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Acknowledge that neural stem cells have the potential to become neurons and glia (astrocytes & oligodendrocytes).

--

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Distinguish ES cells, somatic stem cells, and iPS cells.

ES cells = embryonic stem cells

  • totipotent (can give rise to ANY cell type)

somatic stem cells = adult stem cells

  • pluripotent (can give rise to most but not all cell types)

iPS = induced pluripotent stem cells

  • derived from differentiated cells that have received treatment to revert back to immature cells that can give rise to multiple cell types

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Explain why researchers using neural stem cells to treat Parkinson's disorder should check that grafted cells are not rejected, express dopaminergic markers, and don't have proliferative potential.

  • if grafted cells are rejected, the body's immune system will destroy the transplanted tissue

  • dopaminergic markers will be flagged by dopamine neurons

  • proliferative potential may lead to tumors

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Determine whether a treatment was effective for treating Parkinson's disorder by interpreting graphs showing the effect of vehicle vs. treatment conditions on PD score and mobility.

PD score:

  • vehicle = flat line; treatment = negative slope

mobility:

  • vehicle = flat; treatment = positive slope

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Illustrate how a biology core concept is exemplified in experience-dependent plasticity.

the shape of an object relates to its intended function (structure informs function)

ex: a larger brain structure (larger hippocampus) allows for greater capacity (enhanced ability to navigate London's streets)

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Recall the structural and functional changes that occur in licensed London taxi cab drivers.

structural change: increased hippocampus

functional change: increased hippocampal activity

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Distinguish the brains of licensed London taxi cab drivers from bus drivers.

the hippocampi of bus drivers and failed cabby trainees look like the general public

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12
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Describe how the auditory cortex reorganizes when trained to listen to a sound of a particular frequency.

the auditory cortex reorganizes to expand regions that are used more often

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Describe how the motor cortex reorganizes when trained with a particular motor task.

larger representation for a body part when those muscles are used more often

specific brain regions expand when we use them more, but brain regions can also shrink when we don't use them

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Provide an example of lost brain function due to experience-dependent loss.

when you amputate digit 3, the homunculus in somatosensory cortex loses representation of digit 3

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Define synaptic plasticity.

the ability of a synapse to strengthen/weaken over time, depending on its activity or lack thereof

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Compare and contrast AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors and draw implications to synaptic plasticity.

AMPA receptors:

  • open when glutamate binds --> allows cations to flow in

NMDA receptors:

  • open when glutamate binds & when postsynaptic neuron is already depolarized (needs to dislodge Mg+ plug)

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Provide an example from synaptic plasticity studies which distinguishes sufficiency from necessity.

protein synthesis is required for LTP (protein synthesis blockade has lower % of EPSP --> blocking tests for necessity)

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Draw a postsynaptic recording which shows synaptic plasticity or long-term potentiation.

check slides

synaptic plasticity: enhanced amplitude LTP: looks like logarithmic graph

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Describe how number of postsynaptic receptors, dendritic spine volume, and number of synapses change with increased or decreased synaptic transmission.

increased synaptic transmission:

  • more AMPA receptors

  • bigger synapses (grows bigger to fit more AMPA receptors)

  • more synapses

decreased synaptic transmission:

  • less AMPA receptors

  • smaller synapses

  • fewer synapses

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