History Quiz 2

440

Roman Bishop (Leo I) claims supremacy over other bishops

843

Restoration of Icons in the Eastern Church

1054

“Great Schism” (East-West) begins (ends 1965)

1204

Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade

1453

Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks

Canonization

in the RCC, the definitive sentence by which the pope declares a particular dead person to have already entered into heavenly glory and ordains for the new "saint" (a public cult throughout the Church)

Ottoman Empire

Muslim empire of the Turks, established in Northern Asia Minor by Osman 1

Ottoman Empire ultimately...

captured Constantinople

Seljuk

a Turkish dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor

Byzantium -- Constantinople

presently known as Istanbul, Turkey

Advantage of Constantinople's site

strategically located for commercial and political influence

Byzantium history summarized by...

periods: expansion, peril, recovery, disintegration

Expansion

reign of Justinian

Peril

the iconoclastic controversy

Icons

religious images used to foster worship -- flat pictures, mosaics

Iconoclasts

people who tried to destroy ALL icons

Eastern Orthodoxy

the veneration of icons was allowed and they remain part of...

Recovery

Byzantium experienced a "Golden Age"

Disintegration

the Byzantium empire began to fall apart

Byzantium Empire was lost at:

Manzikert to Muslim Seljuk Turks

Byzantium's money economy

as opposed to a barter economy

Byzantium's advanced military science

"Greek fire" -- worked like napalm (fire bomb or flame thrower)

Byzantine empire government

a Centralized administration

Caesaropapism

church-state link that enhanced unity and stability

Three main branches of Christianity:

eastern orthodox, RCC, Protestantism

Orthodox (Greek/Eastern)

internal witness of the Holy Spirit keeps the truth

Roman Catholic Church (RCC)

asserts spiritual authority in tradition, the Pope, and the Scriptures

Protestantism

asserts that spiritual authority rests in the inerrant Word of God (sola scriptura)

Orthodox theology emphasizes...

sanctification -- justification is virtually absent

barbarian invasions...

brought an upsurge in the Papacy's rise/position/authority

Pope's claim to supreme authority...

also based on these factors that slowly coalesced: Petrine Theory and Apostolic succession

Petrine Theory

the RCC insists that Christ gave to Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome & leader of the apostles – Peter was the first pope & all subsequent popes inherited his authority

Apostolic Succession

refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ

Terms for the Pope

Papacy (office) -- Holy See -- Pontiff (used interchangeably)

Peter serving as a Bishop of Rome:

a LEGEND, the NT has no mention of this

Peter to Francis

266 Popes

"Ex-cathedra" (from the chair)

When the pope speaks, it is viewed by the RCC as possessing divine authority equal to that of God in scripture --infallible

the Medieval World

commonly termed the "Middle Ages"

RCC functioned as...

"social cement" of the Middle Ages

RCC performed...

record-keeping, judicial, and welfare functions

Patrick

evangelized Ireland early in the 5th century -- facts confused by legend

Clovis

King of the Franks

Spain

fell under the rule of the Arian Visigoths

King Recared

officially proclaimed the conversion of the people to Catholicism

Gregory I or "Gregory the Great"

Pope that acted as a ruler of Rome

Gregory I promoted:

clerical celibacy

Gregory I affirmed:

the existence of a place of purification and thus gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory

Purgatory

“a place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid. Here the soul is purged, cleansed, readied for eternal union with God in Heaven.”

Suffering in purgatory:

twofold: physical pain + separation from God

Sacraments

an efficacious sign of grace

The seven sacraments:

Baptism, Holy Eucharist, Penance/Confession, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, Extreme Unction

Baptism

washes away the stains of Adam's original sin -- unites person with RCC

Holy Eucharist

Heart of the Mass worship service

transubstantiation

at the priests words, the elements actually become the body and blood of Christ

Penance/Confession

the priest privately listens to a person confessing sins which are then forgiven -- the forgiven sinner is assigned some prayers to say or works to be done as penance

Confirmation

faith publicly affirmed, Holy Spirit received

Holy Orders

"ordination" -- priests are sanctioned for their works by a bishop

Extreme Unction

"Last Rites" given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins

Saints

in the RCC, some may have become canonized...

Relic

may be defined as a religious object associated with a religious leader, or the body part of such

570-632

Life of Muhammad

622

The Hegira (Hijra) – year 1 of the Islamic calendar

632-661

Beginning of the division leading to Sunni & Shiah Muslim sects

How many Muslims are there worldwide?

roughly 1 billion (4x the population of the US)

Isalm means...

"submission"

The Birth of Islam

geographically located in the Arabian Peninsula

Islam is NOT:

a united, monolithic entity

10/40 window

where large Muslim communities are

since the death of Muhammad...

the traditions of the Hadith, the Sunnah, & the Shariah have emerged to guide the community

Hadith

report(s) of the words & deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims

the body of authentic hadith reports...

considered to embody the Sunnah (custom/example) of the Prophet Muhammad

Sunnah (Sunna)

established custom typically based on Muhammad's example

Shariah

ideal Islamic law

Islam's split began with:

disagreement over Muhammad’s successor – Sunnis upheld the principle that the caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community – Shiites believed only Muhammad’s descendants/kinsmen could lead

Sunni

Majority part of Islam

Shiah (Shiites)

identified with Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law Ali (4th Caliph) – saw Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly from Muhammad

Kabba

Shrine in Mecca

Muhammad was involved in:

caravan trade

Muhammad obtains:

enough capital to become independently wealthy

According to Islamic tradition...

Muhammad had a vision of the Angel Gabriel, during which he hears a voice telling him he is the “Messenger of God”

Muhammad travels:

the journey known as the Hegira (or Hijra). This becomes the starting year for the Muslim calendar

March on Mecca:

Muhammad destroys the pagan idols in the Kabba and rededicates the shrine to Islam

Abu Bakr

the first caliph---essentially launches wars that will dramatically expand the Islamic world

Caliph (successor)

leader of the Muslim community

Umayyad (Omayyad) Muslim dynasty

Ali (4th Caliph) is challenged by the Syrian governor Muawiya – Ali was eventually killed, allowing his rival to seize power. The caliphate (territory controlled by the caliph) remained in the hands of Muawiya’s family & became known as the Umayyads

Umayyad dynasty moved the capital...

from Medina to Damascus

Abbasid Muslim Dynasty

moved the capital form Damascus to Baghdad

Mongols invaded Muslim lands

(some) Mongols converted to Islam

The Quran

"recite" -- the reciting of the revelations to Muhammad

Quran viewed as...

final revelation from God given by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad revealed will of God which corrects/supersedes other revelations

Quran was codified...

after Muhammad's death

Jihad

"struggle": it encompasses two types (or senses) – a greater and a lesser:

Greater

individual battle against sin

Lesser

a holy war

Other Muslim beliefs:

males can marry up to 4 wives (there will be variances given the social/legal climate)

Muslim view of Jesus Christ:

he did not die on the cross--- he was protected from crucifixion and a substitute took his place

500-1500

The Middle Ages or Medieval Period (broken Early, High, Late)

732

Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces at Tours (end of N. expansion)

800

Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope (Christmas Day)

1095-1291

The era of the Crusades

1215

Fourth Lateran Council affirms Transubstantiation

Christendom

Church and state fused together

Curia

became the “College of Cardinals” – created to select a pope

primogeniture

the right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings

simony

the buying & selling of spiritual or Church benefits

Franks

Germanic peoples with a kingdom located in modern France and Germany

Charles Martel

"The Hammer" -- served as mayor of the palace

Tours

where Charles Martel defeated an Islamic army

Pepin the Great

gave the Pope territory in central Italy, later known as the "Papal States"

Charlemagne's Empire

establishes his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe

Missi Dominici

"traveling inspectors" -- enlisted by Charlemagne

Coronation

Rome, Christmas Day -- during Mass, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne

Christendom

Charlemagne took the notion of church-state cooperation by attaching it to Europe. bequeathed this down generations

Carolingian Renaissance

Charlemagne's palace school -- nucleus of an intellectual/cultural revival