IB Biology SL

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metabolism

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144 Terms
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metabolism

function of life; sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism

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growth

function of life; ability to change or increase in size over time, may be limited in amount

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reproduction

function of life; ability to produce new organisms of the same type

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response

function of life; ability to demonstrate a specific response to a stimulus

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homeostasis

function of life; ability to maintain a stable internal environment

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nutrition

function of life; ability to convert materials from the external environment into usable forms

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excretion

function of life; ability to remove waste products

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gene

a segment of DNA on a chromosome which controls a particular structure or function in a cell

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stem cells

cells that have the capacity to divide and to differentiate along different pathways

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ribosomes

complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis

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hydrophilic

attracted to water

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hydrophobic

not attracted to water

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osmosis

net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low soluteconcentration to a region of high solute concentration (until equilibrium is reached)

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endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

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rER

organelle that synthesise proteins for secretion from the cell - acts as a transport system for newly formed proteins

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golgi apparatus

stores, modifies, and packages proteins

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mitochondria

the site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)

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isotonic

a solution that has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell

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hypertonic

solution has a higher concentration of solutes in water than the solute concentration inside (mass of potato decreases)

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hypotonic

solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution (mass of potato increases)

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mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into two genetically identical nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell.

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anabolism

the part of metabolism where larger molecules (macromolecules) are formed from smaller molecules (monomers) by reactions called condensation.

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catabolism

type of metabolism in which larger compounds are broken down with the release of energy

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hydrolysis

a chemical reaction in which a larger molecule is split into two smaller molecules

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condensation reaction

the reaction that binds one monomer to another monomer

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covalent bonds

bonds between atoms formed by the sharing of electrons between those two atoms

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cohesion

term used when water molecules attract other water molecules.

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adhesion

term used when water molecules attract another polar substance besides water.

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monosaccharide

smallest (monomer) unit of carbohydrates

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disaccharide

two monosaccharides bonded together by a condensation reaction

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polysaccharide

many monosaccharides bonded together by many condensation reactions organized into a linear or branched shape

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polypeptide

polymer of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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proteome

the unique collection of proteins within a cell, tissue type, organ, or organism

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active site

the area of an enzyme to which the substrate(s) attach(es)

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polymers

large molecules composed of smaller units (monomers) connected by covalent bonds

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ribose

the sugar of RNA

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deoxyribose

the sugar of DNA

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transcription

the process of creating RNA from DNA

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translation

process of protein production which occurs at the ribosome in cells, DNA language is changed into the language of proteins

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helicase

enzyme which opens the DNA double helix in the replication process

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semi-conservative

type of replication in DNA in which each new DNA molecule has one original strand of the parent molecule

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DNA polymerase

an enzyme which catalyses the linking of nucleotides in the new DNA strand

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RNA polymerase

Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

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oxidation reaction

a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost (redox)

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pyruvate

3-carbon compound formed by the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis, the first stage of cell respiration

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glycolysis

first stage of cell respiration in which oxygen is not required and glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules

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photosynthesis

process which converts light energy into chemical energy

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chlorophyll

main pigment involved in the process of photosynthesis, absorbs light energy

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photolysis

process in photosynthesis where water molecules are split using the energy from light

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gene

a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic.

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locus

the specific place where a gene is found on a chromosome

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allele

version of a gene, differing by one or more bases

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nucleoid

region of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA exists

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binary fission

a method of reproduction whereby a single- celled organism makes a copy of itself and splits in two

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plasmid

small ring of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome often used in genetic modification

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histones

proteins associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

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nucleosome

structure found in eukaryotic chromosomes consisting of a strand of DNA wrapped around eight histone molecules

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homologous

chromosome pairs that occur at fertilization, one from the female parent and one from the male parent

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centromere

region where sister chromatids attach

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diploid

a cell which has chromosomes in homologous pairs

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haploid

a cell that has only one chromosome of each homologous pair

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meiosis

cell division where one diploid cell becomes four haploid cells

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gamete

a sex cell, either a sperm cell or an egg cell

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zygote

diploid fertilized egg

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s phase

the stage in the cell cycle when DNA is replicated before division begins

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sister chromatids

the two identical structures of a doubled chromosome

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condensation

in DNA, the coiling of chromatin to form chromosomes; in chemical reactions, the joining of two organic molecules during which a water molecule is produced

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meiosis 1

first part of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes separate to produce two diploid cells

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meiosis 2

second part of meiosis during which sister chromatids separate to produce four haploid cells (gametes)

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crossing over

a process during meiosis I involving the exchange of genetic material between non- sister chromatids

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random orientation

a process during meiosis involving the lining up of chromosomes in an order determined by chance

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co-dominance

alleles that have joint effects, both alleles are expressed in the organism's phenotype

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genotypes

genes of an organism for a particular trait

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sex linked

a trait that is controlled by alleles located on the sex chromosomes

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non-disjunction

the process where two homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase I of meiosis, resulting in a daughter cell with one too many chromosomes and a daughter cell with one too few

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autotrophic

organisms capable of producing their own food

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species

a group of organisms which are structurally similar and able to pass their genetic traits on to their offspring

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population

a group of interbreeding members of a species living at the same time in the same place

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heterotroph

an organism not capable of producing its own food, requiring preformed organic compounds from other sources

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decomposer

an organism that feeds on and breaks down waste organic material

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saprotroph

an organism which uses detritus as its energy and nutrient source

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ecosystem

the plants and animals in a region plus the non-living components of the environment

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food chain

one possible set of feeding relationships starting with a producer

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