Unit 01 DCUSH

Mayan

Located in the Yucatan Power 300-900 A.D. Population of around 60,000 Developed the numeral system based on units of 20, hieroglyphics, multiple calendars, and knowledge of astronomy Polytheistic with a center around nature

Aztec

Settled in Valley of Mexico around 1200 A.D. Capital City: Tenochtitlan founded in 1325 Largest city in the Western Hemisphere by 1500 (Mexico City) Spanish arrived in 1519 By that time the Aztecs controlled from the Pacific to the Gulf Coast Led by Montezuma

Inca

Led by Atahualpa Empire stretched 2500 miles across the Andes Mountains Machu Pichu Population estimates of up to 10 million

Hohokum + Anasazi

Located in Arizona and Northern Sonora (Pueblo Region) Cultivated Maize, corn, cotton, squash, and beans built irrigation canals to water crops farming depended on rain and floods for water

Plain's Natives

Tribes included Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Apache, etc. Nomadic, hunter-gatherers Typical Prey is Bison and would move to follow the herds

Atlantic Slave Trade

Over 4 centuries Africa lost more than 10 million people Typically African slavery was a prisoner of war system or to banish kinfolk. Primarily a social system for people cut off from their own society Plantation system began in 1452 for sugar plantation off of Madeira (Portuguese owned) Extremely high mortality rate

Christopher Columbus

Spanish Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand funded Italian merchant -Skeptical of his calculations of distance -Turned down by John II (Portuguese) in 1484 -Spanish approve in 1492

Amerigo Vespucci

-made 2 voyages on behalf of spain and portugal -He realized it was a large land mass needing to be circumnavigated to reach Asia -Cartographer Maartin Waldseemuller applied Vespucci’s name to the land due to this insight. (Hence “America”)

Columbian Exchange

-The Transmission of disease, knowledge about food and technology, and culture. -Disease was the chief ally of the Spanish -Smallpox was the most lethal -Also had measles, bubonic plague, chicken pox, influenza, whooping cough, and diphtheria. Natives provided corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, beans, chocolate, pumpkins

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

-Established a line of demarcation giving all lands discovered or to be discovered west of the line to Spain, east of the line to Portugal

Hernan Cortes

-approached the Aztecs with a force of 600 men in 1519 -Captured the leader Moctezuma -By 1521 smallpox had taken its toll and Cortes returned to conquer rebuilding it as Mexico City.

Encomienda System

A form of forced and unpaid labour used by Spanish authorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish Empire. In return, the labourers were given military protection and the opportunity to be converted to Christianity.

Bartolome de Las Casas

is the first one to speak out against the Repartimiento System, convinced the monarchy that it is wrong and they need to make it illegal.

Catholic Church

Was corrupt and was not stopping people from taking indulgences

Martin Luther

Spearheaded the Protestant Reformation -Wanted to move away from the corrupt Catholic church -Challenged the church (Protested) -Nailed his thesis to the Church door

Protestant Reformation

Protesting for a Reform against the Catholic Church Sent a shockwave through history

King Henry VIII

-Denied by Pope for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon (mother of Mary I) -Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn -Used reformation to break away from Catholic church to pass annulment -Executed Anne after she failed to give a son (mother of Elizabeth I) -Married Jane Seymour: died after giving birth to Edward VI -Next was Anne Cleves: divorced -Then Katherine Howard: Killed -Last Catherina Parr

John Calvin

-attempted to create a model society in Geneva, Switzerland. -Created calvinism

Spanish Armada

-132 warships, 8000 sailors, 18,000 soldiers -set sail for England May 28, 1588 -Wanted to restore it to Cathloicism -English ships were smaller but faster -Out manuevered the Spanish -Storm claimed rest of the Armada -Ended the dominance of Spain and gave rise to the English

Northwest Passage

a water route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean along the northern coast of North America

Francis Drake

-English privateer who attacked and looted from Spanish -Circumnavigated globe in 1577-1580 -Looted and burned St. Augustine, Spanish fort in Florida during Spain and England’s conflict.

Algonquian

a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Algonquian language and originally living in the subarctic regions of eastern Canada Dominated Atlantic coast from Canada to Florida Many tribes including: Micmacs, Pequots, Lenapes, and Powhatan Resided in Wigwams

Iriquois

Lived in the Finger Lakes region of central New York Resided in Longhouses Tribes included: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Vayugas, and the Senecas

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

He and three fellow survivors became the first Europeans to explore the American Southwest, eventually settling in Mexico

Francisco Pizarro

-Like Cortes, he destroed a powerful society: The Inca’s -Despite being severely outnumbered, he used the Inca’s religion to be accepted as a God -Then captured Atahualpa and forced the Incan’s into submission -Claimed the region for Spain, including their vast wealth.

Jamestown

-The first Englsih settlement in America -Founed by Virginia Company in 1607 -Initial settlers were inept and the colonies struggled -Sturggles pitted colonist against the Powhatan Indians -English made war, enslaved the natives, and confiscated unoccupied lands.

Maryland

-Ruled by Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, as a proprietary colony -Owned by a person, not a joint-stock company -Created a refuge for Englsh Catholics, but remain profitable -Passsed the Relgious Toleration Act of 1649 in hopes to keep control due to Anglican Englad Puritans take over, rescind the tolertaion act, the persecuted become the persecutors Catholcism is banned.

Massachusetts

-Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, established Mayflower Compact to ensure a viable government -Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay founded strong, moral community of hard workers. -Used their own money to fund the colony -Wanted to ensure success in both God and Man.

Connecticut

-Puritans settled -Created a Gernal Assembly -Subdued Pequot Indians and expanded into New Haven

Rhode Island

Roger Williams -Independent minded -Attacked laws requiring attendance and tax support of churches -Banished England but fled -First settlement to allow complete religious freedom -Complete separation of church and state.

South Carolina

-Planters from West Indies bringing a slave society

North Carolina

-Small planters from Virginia

New York

-Originally New Amsterdam, owned by the Dutch -Consisted of the most ethically diverse location -The English took the territory without firing a shot -Renamed New Netherland

Georgia

-(last British Colony) established by James Oglethrope -Haven for the poor and buffer zone from Spanish -Successful in creating a buffer zone -Unsuccessful in creating a “Common Man’s Utopia”

Pennsylvania

-King owed him 16,000 pounds -Petitioned king for permission to establish colony instead -The most notable town named Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love” - Wanted to make it a haven for Quakers -Colony became profitable but Penn went into debt. - Established by William Penn

Roanoke

The first British colony in America but it failed and was known as the "Lost Colonoy"

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company to establish a colony in America

Sir Walter Raleigh

Queen Elizabeth granted _________ a charter to establish the first colony in America. This colony was named Roanoke and would fail

John Rolfe

Married Pocahontas, first successful cultivator of tobacco in Virginia

Pocahontas

The daughter of the Powhatan Chief who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life

Puritanism

Extremely religious based on the bible’s teachings People were born sinners and could only achieve salvation through severe discipline towards God Hard work was a religious requirement Frowned upon blasphemy, sex, gambling, intoxication, even acting

Pilgrims

Puritans who completely rejected the Church of England and did not think there could be any reform; arrived on the Mayflower to Plymouth, Massachusetts

Mayflower Compact

First written constitution signed by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island; independent-minded and attacked strict puritanical laws

Anne Hutchinson

-Convinced Bostonians placed too much emphasis on good works and not enough on faith -Felt God spoke directly to her - Did not need the assistance of ministers (men) to interpret God’s will -Went outside of the traditional women’s role by taking a public stand -Banished to Rhode Island

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland, haven for Catholics, passed the Religious Tolerations Act

Metacom

Algonquian leader who tried to rally against the British settlers

King Philip's War

-Algonquian leader Metacom “King Philip” tried to rally against New England Settlers -Attacked 53 English towns -English fought back with help of the Mohawks -White frontier would not reach its previous border for over 40 years after the war. -Natives were killed in the thousands and many enslaved -clans lost autonomy

Bacon's Rebellion

-Led by Francis Bacon -Wanted to seize the land from the local Indians for tobacco farming -War broke out between settlers and Indians -Bacon nominated to Virginia Council by Governor Berkley -Challeged Berkley’s power, wanting more land and more voice in government. -Rebellion ended with Bacon’s desth (disease) and 23 rebel leaders hanged.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania, home to the Quakers

Philadelphia

"City of Brotherly Love"

Oliver Cromwell

-led parliament forces to victory in 1648 against Charles I

Salem, Massachusetts

Puritanical farming town Society in disarray after consecutive crisis Negative acts that were unexplainable were often considered supernatural Devil worship Home to the Salem Witch Trials

Middle Passages

-Supply of slaves increased with the “middle passage”

Slave Codes

Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War.

Indentured Servants

People who gained passage to America by vowing to work for a certain period of time as a servant until their debt was paid off

Quakers

Quakers are the hippies of the religious world Conflict developing between the Puritans and the Quakers -Puritans would whip, crop ears, and even hand Quakers for their “miss teachings” -Quakers wanted a primitive relationship with God and rejected all notions control or inequality

Enlightenment

Focused on new ideas and educational growth Founding of colleges, especially in New England Literacy rates rose Less reliance on God in determining fate Spawned scientific and political thinking

Isaac Newton

Focused his theories on physics published in “Principa” This allowed him to predict the movements of the planets, moon, flow of the tide, and the force of gravity

John Locke

“two treatises on Civil Government” -Natural Rights: Ideas of “life, liberty, and property” -Influences Declaration of Independence -Social Contract -Theory that all people give up basic rights to the government to guarantee the citizens natural rights -If the government failed to secure the citizens rights, the citizens had a duty to rebel and establish a new government

Natural Philosophy

the philosophy of natural science, especially physical science.

Benjamin Franklin

Embodied the American spirit during the Enlightenment -Created “Poor Richard’s Almanack” -Founded debating clubs, libraries, hospitals, and College of Philadelphia -Experimented in electricity -Invented bifocal glasses, lightning rod, and Franklin stove

Great Awakening

-Christian Rationalism based on morality and free will but rejected Calvinist belief that salvation came from the grace of God. -Religion revival ensues -New vigorous teachings increased participation and support. -Would frequently occur outside of the church building -Would encourage more open religious acceptance like in Rhose Island

George Whitefield

-used his compelling presence to attract followers -Oversaw by tens of thousands -Including Ben Franklin -Great Awakening speaker

James Oglethorpe

-Founder of Georgia -Haven for the poor and buffer zone from Spanish

Harvard

First college established in America in 1636 as a result of the Enlightenment

New Light

-New vigorous revivalism in the Great Awakening -Would frequently occur outside of the church building -Would encourage more open religious acceptance like in Rhode Island

Old Light

-Puritanical beliefs and refused to accept the new style of religious teachings -Old teachings in the Great Awakening

Poor Richard's Almanack

-Created by Benjamin Franklin -An encyclopedia of sorts where he wrote random things down

Jonathan Edwards

-Preached on yourself-judgement to Gods salvation

Prince Henry of Portugal

-Discovered another passage to Asia that involved going around Africa rather than through the Mediterranean so Italy would no longer control trade

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers/conquerors