TEST #2 SKILLS

pathogen transmission cycle (5)

reservoir, exit, transmission, infection, susception

standard precautions (6)

barriers, hand hygiene, sharps, soiled patient care equipment, respiratory hygiene, misc

types of transmissions (4)

contact, airborne, droplet, vector

contact precautions (and which diseases)

gown and gloves (no mask) -MRSA, C diff, lice, scabies, impetigo

droplet precautions (and which diseases)

mask only -mumps, meningitis, strep A (for strep A use gown and gloves if lesions are present)

airborne precautions (and which disease)

mask only -TB, measles

vector precautions (and which diseases)

(airborne plus contact) mask, gown, and gloves -chickenpox, herpes zoster, COVID

when should hand hygiene should be performed?

-before and after all patient contact -after sneezing, coughing, nose blowing -before/after removing gloves -before/after eating

how long should you wash your hands?

30 seconds, longer if you've come in contact with body fluids or wounds

order of PPE application (donning)

gown, mask, glasses, gloves

order of PPE application (doffing)

gloves, glasses, gown, mask

when should vital signs be taken?

while patient is at rest

what can affect vital signs?

physical activity, temperature outside, age, emotional status, if a disease or illness is present

normal pulse range

60-100 beats

normal body temp

96.8 - 99.3 degrees F (98.6 being the average)

normal blood pressure

120/80 or less

normal oxygen (O2) saturation

95% - 100%

blood pressure: top number is called ? bottom number is called?

systolic, diastolic

how is pain assessed?

-describe the pain (dull, sharp, burning, deep) -assess the pain (onset, pattern, location, radiates or spreads, scale of 1-10)

where is the most common body parts to take pulse? (2)

radial and carotid arteries

where is the most common body part to take body temp? where is the most accurate body part for body temp?

-mouth -rectum

what is hypertension?

high blood pressure, above 140/90

what is hypotension?

low blood pressure, below 90/60

what is the Valsalva phenomenon?

a way of breathing that builds up pressure in the chest, which increases blood pressure and decreases heart rate -plug your nose and close your mouth and breathe out really hard

what can happen from the Valsalva maneuver?

-CVA (stroke) or death

how do we drape patients?

with only the treated area or body part exposed

bony prominences in supine position

occipital tuberosity, spine of scapula, inferior angle of scapula, vertebral spinous process, sacrum, medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, greater trochanter, head of fibula, posterior calcaneus, lateral malleolus (if in external hip rotation)

body prominences in side-lying

lateral ear, lateral ribs, lateral acromion process, lateral head of humerus, medial or lateral epicondyle of humerus, greater trochanter, medial and lateral condyle of femur, lateral malleolus, fifth metatarsal

when should a red area of skin return to normal?

within an hour

rationale for proper positioning

-prevents soft tissue injury -provides comfort -provides support/stability -provides access/exposure to areas that need to be treated -promotes efficient function -relieves pressure

examples of restraints

-wrist/ankle straps -tightly wrapped bed sheet that constrains upper/lower extremities -straight jacket -bed rails

how long should you position a patient for?

no more than 30 min

precautions with positioning

-avoid clothing/linen folds underneath patient -observe skin color of bony prominences -protect bony prominences -avoid placing extremities off of the bed -use caution when positioning patients who are confused, mentally incompetent, comatose, or paralyzed

rationale for draping

-provides modesty -helps maintain comfortable body temp -provides exposure to area that needs to be treated -protects patient's skin/clothes from being damaged

how much work is the patient doing in minimum assist, moderate assist and maximum assist?

-min A - 75% -mod A - 50% -max A - 25%

NWB is what?

non-weight bearing

PWB is what?

partial weight bearing

FWB is what?

full weight bearing