SBI4U --U2 - BIO CHEMISTRY

ionic bonds

transferring one/more electrons from one atom to another

Covalent bonds

sharing electrons between atoms

cation

losing an electrons becoming a positive charge

anion

gaining one/ more electron becoming a negative charge

double covalent bond

sharing two pairs of shared valence electrons

covalent bond shared equally

non-polar covalent

example of non-polar covlaent

chlorine molecules

electrons shared unequally; electronegativity difference that does not equal zero

polar covalent

is water a polar molecule

True

hydrogen bonding

the attraction between water molecules

hydrophilic

compounds that interact with water by dissolving in it

hydrophobic

compounds not interacting withing water

what compounds are hydrophobic and what bonds can they not form

non-polar; hydrogen bonds

Ex. why does NaCl dissolve in water?

It because chloride ions and sodium ions attract water molecules

isomers

several organic compounds that can have the same molecular formula but w/ different structures

example of isomers

glucose, fructose, galactose

2 types of isomers

structual & stereoisomers

structural isomer

two or more compounds w/ same atoms bonded differently

Stereoisomer

two or more compounds w/ their atoms bonded in the same wya, but w/ atoms arranged differently in space

stereoisomers can be..

geometric or optical

Geometric isomer definition and example

can have very different physical properties but have the same chemical properties. ex glucose and galactose

Optical isomer def and example

non-superimposable mirror images of each other, have similar chemical and physical properties but enzymes/proteins on the cell membrane can distinguish between them

functional groups

many complex molecules containing groups of atoms with characteristic chemical properties

types of functional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

chemical formula for carbohydrates

(CH2O)n ; n= # of carbon atoms in the carbohydrate

carbs can be simple

monomer glucose

If # of carbon atoms in carbs are low (3-7) then its a...

monosaccharide

five carbon sugar

pentose

glucose, fructose, galactose are...

hexose

what is the primary source for energy for cell

glucose

disaccharide

formed by the bonding of two monosaccharides

polysaccharide

polymers made up of chains of linked monosaccharides

How can living cells, tissues and polysaccharides be broken down into smaller units

hydrolysis

examples of nucleic acids

DNA (double stranded) & RNA (single stranded)

what are four bases in DNA

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

proteins

important structural components, source of nutrition, speed up metabolic process in the cell.

polypeptide bonds

are formed in condensation reactions linking amino acids in proteins

what are amino acids composed of

they are composed of a carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom and three additional groups - an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R-group

polypetide

two amino acids joined together; may join to form proteins

lipids

include fats, phospholipids (in cellular membrane), steroids, terpenes (lipid pigment that operate during photosynthesis)

what are fats composed of ?

glycerol+ 3 fatty acids

what are steroid + terpenes composed ?

carbon rings and carbon chains respectively

fats and oils are composed of what two molecules?

glycerol and fatty acids

fatty acids

hydrocarbon chain that ends w/ carboxyl group (-COOH)

Saturated fatty acids

no double bonds between their carbon atoms; carbon chain is saturated with many hydrogen atoms it can hold

are saturated fatty acids gen solid at room temp?

true

is fatty acid saturated w/ hydrogen atoms?

false

true or false: fat molecules are split by hydrolysis for use in cells

true

phospholipid bilayer

virtually impermeable to charged ions and quite permeable to small lipid soluble molecules

true or false: molecules move through the membrane at different rates

true

true or false: small non polar molecules can pass the bilayer w/ least resistance

true (enter by diffusion- form of passive transport)

diffusion

molecules move from regions of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Osmosis

movement of the solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of water.

carrier proteins

move and change shape to create an opening into the cell.

true false: large uncharged hydrophobic molecules use the proteins to enter the cell q

true ex. glucose

is cellular energy required for the facilitated diffusion process

no - its form of passive transport

reduction

gaining of electrons

"oxidation" / "reduction"

applied to many reactions involving ions whether or not oxygen is involved ex. NaCl

true/ false: in NaCl; chlorine is reduced (gaining an electron to form Cl) and sodium is oxidized ( Na loses an electron to form Na+)

true

when reduction and oxidation are both involed it in a...

redox reaction

cellular respiration is a....

redox reaction in a biological system; high energy electrons are removed from food molecules which oxidizes them and transferred to increasingly electronegative atoms + help manufacture energy rich molecules used by cells to do work

disassociation in water

when this happens positive charged hydrogen ion, and negatively charged hydroxide ion (low concentration)

true/false: hydrogen + hydroxide ions are very reactive

true

Acid

substances that donate H+ ions when it dissolve or dissociate in water; they increase the concentration of H= ions in water solutions

true/ false: concentration of OH- ions increases when bases dissolve or dissociate in water

true

Water w/ equal concentrations of these ions is....

neutral ; pH 7

pH lower than 7 =

higher concentration of H + ions = acids

pH higher than 7

lower concentration of H+ ions =bases

Acids and bases react to form =

water and a salt (ionic compound)

function of carbs

the primary source of energy for cellular respiration (provides ATP); doesn't provide as much energy as fats because of their hydrophilic groups, easily dissolvable in water.

carbs are a ...

single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached; one carbon is double bonded to oxygen to form a carbonyl group

3 types of carbs

monosaccharides (one sugar unit), disaccharides (two sugar units), polysaccharides (>3 sugar units)

monosaccharides

one single sugar molecule; typically linear in dry state but can readily form rings in watery solutions

example of monosaccharide

glucose, galactose, fructose

disaccharide

formed when two monosaccharides chemically bond together and a water molecule is given off

what reaction appends when a water molecule is given off form the bond of monosaccharides

dehydration synthesis/ condensation reaction

example of disaccharide

glucose + glucose = maltose ("malt sugar") +H2O

true or false: organisms store metabolic energy contained in glucose by converting it to an insoluble form and depositing it into a specific area

true

function of polysaccharides

storage of energy and structural support for cells

examples of storage polysaccharides:

glycogen

lips are considered(non-polar or polar)

non-polar; insoluble

function of lipids

long-term energy storage

lipids are important to the....

cell membrane and chemical signaling , providing protection around organs and insulate the body

four categories of lipids

triglycerides. phospholipids, steroids, waxes

triglycerides are made of two aprts:

1 glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (carboxylic acid)

glycerol is composed of

3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups

fatty acids are

long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group

types of fatty acids

saturated fatty acids & unsaturated fatty acids

where do unsaturated fats come from

plant oils, fats in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, fish

unsaturated fats are typically....... at room temperature

liquid

examples of unsaturated fat + about their bond

linoleic acid - double bond that produces a bend in the fatty acid molecule.

saturated fats contain a..... single/ double bond

double bond

how to forma triglyceride fat

when glycerol reacts with fatty acids, a dehydration synthesis reaction takes place between the hydroxyl group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of the fatty acid, forming an ester linkage

LIPIDS: phospholipids: Diglyceride and phosphate

phosphate- polar ; fatty acid tails- nonpolar

what are phospholipids composed of

phosphate head, glycerol backbone, fatty acid tails

About sterols

compact hydrophobic molecules containing four fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups

example of a sterols

cholesterol

steroid example

vitamin D

what is an important in the cell membrane ?

cholesterol

what are waxes

large lipid molecules composed of long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long chain alcohol

are waxes hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

types of proteins and roles

enzymes (speed up chemical reactions in the body), hormones, transport

function of proteins

contractile (help muscles contract), protective (anti-bodies protect against pathogens), membrane proteins (receptors, membrane, transport, antigens), structural (example: keratin forms hair, nails, collagen in skin)

what are proteins made of

amino acids

amino acids are connected to form

unbranched polymers

to become functional proteins, polymers....

fold into specific 3D shapes

how many amino acids and how many of them are essential

20 acids, 8- essential

amphiprotic

contain both an acidic (carboxyl) group and a basic (amino) group

how are amino acids joined together

through a dehydration synthesis reaction

what bond connects two amino acid together

peptide bond

what will a polypeptide chain always have

a carboxyl group on one end and an amino group on the other end

what are the 4 levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quanternary

primary protein structures:

specific amino acids that join together using a peptide bond to forma polypeptide

secondary protein structure

repeatedly fold and coils in polypeptide chain due to H-bonds between functional groups

tertiary protein structures

polypeptides form and fold in a specific way making extra bonds between parts of the protein

Quaternary protein structures

two or more polypeptides assemble to form a larger protein

types of secondary structures

the sheet and the helix

what are nucleic acids

informational macro molecules

functions of DNA

storing information regarding the sequence of amino acids for each of the body's proteins

T/F: DNA controls the making of proteins

true

function of RNA

reads the information coded in DNA and brings it to the protein-making machinery of the cell.; acts as a messenger to help make proteins.

What does DNA and RNA do

DNA: carries the instructions to make protein; RNA allows these instructions to be read by the protein- making machinery of the cell

nucleic acids are polymers of .....

repeating nucleotides

what does a single nucleotide consist of

pentose (5-carbon) sugar, phosphate group, nitrogo=nous base

what are the type types of pentose sugars found in nucleic acids

ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)

what are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

what are adenine and guanine

nitrogenous bases found in DNA that are double-ringed called purines

what are thymine and cytosine

are single-ringed bonded nitrogenous bases in DNA called pyramidines

Nitrogenous bases in RNA

RNA shares the same bases as DNA but Uracil replaces thymine

what happens when forming a polmer

a water molecule is removed as each nucleotide is added to the chain;

what is the bond formed between nucleotides called

phosphodiester bond

DNA is refereed to as a

doubel helix

RNA is referred to as a

single helix

what is an inorganic compound

a compound that doesn't contain both carbon and hydrogen

neutralization reactions are...

transfer of H+ between molecules

redox reactions are..

the transfer of electrons between molecules

hydrolysis reactions are....

molecules reacting with H2O to for other molecules

Condensation reactions are....

molecules reacting to form H2O and other molecules

buffers

molecules that react to minimize pH changes in a cell

electronegativity

the measurement of an atoms ability to attract a shared electron pair when it's participating in a covalent bond