Viruses, Immune system, vaccines

vaccine

substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity

Antiviral

Substance given to make a viral replication and entrance into the host cell ineffective

Live Attenuated Vaccine

weakened live virus

Examples of Attenuated Viruses

Chickenpox vaccine

Inactivated vaccines

Pathogen has been completely killed. Frequently requires boosters.

Examples of Inactivated vaccines

Polio virus

subunit vaccines

Contain only parts of a virus or bacteria instead of the whole thing (like glycoproteins)

Examples of subunit vaccines

whooping cough

mRNA vaccines

Contains mRNA from the pathogen that codes for a specific glycoprotein which is created by the host's cells and stimulated an immune response.

Example of an mRna vaccine

COVID -19 vaccine

Vector vaccine

a vaccine made by inserting genes from a pathogenic virus into a relatively harmless carrier virus like the adenovirus

Examples of vectors used for the Vector vaccine

Adenoviruses and herpes viruses

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Memory cells

Long lived WBC, Contains record of the past infection

Mast cells

Key players in the inflammatory response, Release histamines to alert the body

Antigens

Pieces of foreign substances, prompts the production of antibodies

Antibodies

Protein produced by B cells, attached to the antigen to signal invader has been located

B cells

Creates antibodies, Created in the Bone Marrow

CD4 receptor

Only Helper t cells have it, allows HIV to attach

MHC 1

Most cells have them and signal all is well, like the American flag

MHC 2

Only Phagocytes have them, like Texas flag

CH8 receptor

Only in Cytotoxic cells, Neighborhood police

Innate Immune system

Nonspecific, Everyone is the Enemy

3rd line of defense

Specific (targets specific invaders), Adaptive immune response

1st line of defense

Skin, mucus, acids and bacteria, Keeps all invaders out

2nd line of defense

Mast cells and Phagocytes, Release pyrogens to heat up and histamines to grab

Natural killer cells

Kills cells that are cancerous, Recognize cells without MHC 1

Neutrophils

Patrol the body for invaders, part of the nonspecific response since they are "neutral"

Macrophages

Collects antigens in certain sites, BIG eaters of any invader

Dendritic cells

Goes between for the innate and Adaptive Immune system, Door dash

Cytotoxic T cells

Recognize and Kill infected cells, release perforins to poke out the infected cells

Helper T cell

Calls of help

Lytic Cycle

In this type of replication, many copies of the virus are created very quickly and results in the destruction of the host cell.

Lysogenic Cycle

This type of replication allows the virus to replicate many times (when the host replicates) without immediately killing the host

Capsid

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

Lipid Envelope

Contains lipids and proteins that enclose the Core. Originates from a host’s plasma membrane during the budding process

Collar (neck)

Connects the head to the tail of the phage.

Tail Fibers

Projections from the baseplate that attach to the host’s surface

Sheath (tail)

External contractile envelope that wraps around the tail tube. It contracts to inject the DNA into the host.

Base Plate

Contains proteins that attach to and punctures the surface of the host.

Provirus

cDNA copy of the RNA genome of a retrovirus; the genetic material of a virus as incorporated into and able to replicate with the genome of a host cell

Mitosis

How the lysogenic cycle spreads its DNA

DNA Replication

How bacteriophage genes are expressed in the lytic cycle.

Interferons

antiviral agents produced by virus-infected cells and can fight tumors. They protect non-infected cells from further viral infections by creating cytokine barriers

interleukin

any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system. Helps them divide and grow faster.

lymphokines

a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide substance synthesized mainly by T cells that affects the function of other cells. It may either enhance or suppress an immune response

Perforins

involved in the process of cell destruction (cytolysis) and the regulation of the immune system. Found in T-cells and Natural Killer T-cells.