Geol 1003 Test 1

Distance from sun, atmosphere, surface water

Plants and Animals

Water/Ice

70%, 30%

Solid Earth

Envelope of gas that surrounds Earths

Watercycle & Volcanic Eruption

The present is the key to the past (allows us to study past and predict future)

No

Catastrophism

All of the geologic record is recordings from catastrophic events (Meteroites)

They are really slow, but there is plenty of time for creating the rock record without soley relying on catastrophic events

4.6 Billion years old

Amalgamation of 2 or more minerals

Minerals

Naturally occuring, solid, particular chemical composition, characteristic internal structure

Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Igneous

Superposition, Original Horizontality, Lateral Contninuity

Younger rocks exist on top of older rocks

Rocks are deposited flat, if they are tilted then they were deformed

Rocks are deposited laterally until the edge of a basin

Intrusions are younger than the rocks they intrude

Faults (or any cross cutting outcrops) are younger than the rocks they cut

All particles contained within a rock are older than the rock

Fossils are preserved in the order in which they lived

Igenous rocks because of radioactive decay

Special layers that we know the age of (e.x. layer of iridium from meteorite)

Part of the continental margin which is between the shoreline and the shelf break OR where there is no noticeable slope between the shoreline and the point where the water depth is ~100-200 m

Passive because there is no plate boundary. Additionally this is better for oil and gas drilling)

1. Tiny marine and plant animals died, were buried, and covered by sediments

2. Over millions of years sedimentation occured buring the remains deeper. Enormous heat and pressure turn the remains into oil and gas.

3. Oil and gas contined in reservoirs (usually sandstone)

Sedimentation and Abundance of marine life

Geologic principles (superposition, intrusive relationships, fossil succesion)

Radiometric ages

By correltating fossils and evolution across the earth, eventually dates were added after procces like radiometric dating came about.

The crust, mantle & core; the Lithosphere & Athenosphere; Tectonic activity; Plate boundaries

Water cycle

97% in oceans, 1.8% glaciers/rivers/lakes/atmosphere

Progessive, systematic/ can never return to a past condition

Evoltuion and Earth’s temperature

Occur in “pulses”

Sedimentation, volcanism, mass extinctions

Water enters the atmosphere through plants

Water enters the atmosphere not through biologic material

Trench, accretionary wedge, volcano, mtn building/folding, thrust belt, compression & earthquakes

Major changes in the biosphere

Represent a time of erosion or nondeposition

Nonconformity, Angular unconformity, disconformity

Sedimentary rocks deposited on crystalline rocks

Rocks deposited on tilted rocks (rocks below deformed before rocks above were deposited + requires period of erosion)

Parallel sedimentary rocks with a gap in time betwen layers

Stromatilite, 3.5 billion years old

Ediacaran fauna (marine based), 600 million years old

Lived for a short time period, geographically widespread, easy to ID, numerous

Stratigraphic interval that can be defined on the basis of a specific fossil

Ammonites and Formas (calcium carbonate shells)

Time it takes for ½ of parent molecules to decay into daughter molecules

Zircon because it is a common mineral in all rocks

Because carbon is not a common component of most rocks. It is use for archaeological ages

1. Parent atoms live in a melt. 2. As magma cools minerals grow. 3. Rock (minerals form) and radioactive decay begins.

The age a mineral cooled from a melt

Yes, because the rock and mineral form at the same time so they have the same age

No, because the grains are older than the rock, there are a variety of grains and ages so the rock must be younger than the age of the grains

Phanerozic, Cenozoic, Quanternary, Holocene

66 million years ago

Started 252 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago

Started 541 million years ago and ended 252 million years ago

William “Strata” Smith

88%, 12%

Hadean. Archean, Proterozic

Marine life dominated, first appearance of land plants (conifers/spore plants)

Reptiles and flowering plants dominated

Mammals and grasses dominated

Extreme heat from Earth’s formation, continued bombardment of Earth by meteroites, and constant remelting of Earth’s surface

By 4.3 million years ago, in the Hadean eon

Deep in the crust and in hydrothermal vents

Because of there are minimal rocks from the Hadean and Archean eons

Extremophiles

Lived in harsh conditions like hydrothermal vents and salt marshes, were chemosynthesizers, and belonged to the Archean domain

Create nutrients by chemical reactions

Bacteria (Prokaryotes), Archea (Prokaryotes), and Eukaryotes

Structurally simples, single celled, small in size, no nucleus or organelles in their cells, earliest lifw

Photosythesis

1. Algal mat of cyanobacteria + carbonate sediment 2. Cyanobacteria grows upwards through sediment for sunlight 3. Cyanobacteria sitting on layers of limestone = stromatolites

3.8-2.0 Billion years ago

Chert + Iron oxide

Much of it was in the ocean rather than the atmosphere

Red beds, because the amount of oxygen increased in the atmosphere (oxidation occurs on the surface rather than in the ocean)

Appeared 2.7 Billion years ago, cells w/ nuclei and DNA in nucleus, organelles, cells are larger, formed because of O2 in the atmosphere

Algae resembling seaweed

Oldest known multicellular eukaryote, reproduced asexually

Symbiosis: 1. Protist evolved chromosomes 2. Absorbed aerobic bacteria became mitochondria 3. Absorbed cyanobacteria became chloroplasts

Protista (Doesnt fit well in the other kingdoms), Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Ediacaran time

Dickinsonia

570 million years ago

Archaea

Huge uptick in diversity of marine organisms and 1st organisms with hard parts

To protect from perdators and to protect from the physical/chemical changes in the ocean

Plants, they were Bryophytes

Algae