Animal Div Test 3

A land dwelling, vertebrate. Means 4 footed but even if less than 4 feet an animal can be a tetrapod. (Preceded by arthropods.)

There is about 20X more oxygen in the air than in water.

The change of the swim bladder into the lungs

There is no buoyancy on land

Water has a high specific heat capacity and fluctuates in temperature less.

it means that tetrapods have to adapt several times over to new niches instead of creating a “one size fits all” body type.

Tikaalik and Eusthenopterans

Anura

Caudata

Gymnophnia

• 4 legs (usually)

• moist, porous skin with poison glands **

• light, bony, flattened head

• big mouth with small teeth

• 3 part brain

• ears with tympanum + 1 ossicle (stapes

• Jelly-like eggs (mostly aquatic) **

• Capability for cutaneous respiration (Some have lungs or gills as well) **

• 3 chambered hearts

“Naked Snakes”

Caecilians

In the tropics

convergent evolution for similar environments

• They are basically earth worms

• They’re blind

• they have terminal vents

They have internal fertilization, some are oviparous and some are viviparous.

“the tailed ones”

Salamanders and Newts!! <3

The southern appalachians

(>100 species in a 3 hour radius of here)

Bolitoglossa

Temperate climates

They start out as aquatic larvae with highly keeled tails and external gills

They morph to become terrestrial as adults

(some are paedomorphic/neotenic and some newts such as red spotteds become aquatic again as adults )

They maintain larvae/child like features into adulthood

External Gills, Cutaneous Respiration, and Lungs

(all three or just one can be used depending on species; ALL caudata use cutaneous respiration)

Family Plethodontidae

Ambystomatidae

Plethodontidae

Salamandridae

• Mole Salamanders

• Usually breed in fishless habitats

• Fossorial (underground dwelling) for most of life

• Lungless Salamanders

• Entirely cutaneous respiration

• Newts

• Non-slimy bumpy skin

• Newts: Salamanders as Toads:Frogs

Frogs n’ Toads

“without tails”

No, but we all know deep down in our hearts that frogs are better.

Chytrid

Glycerol in their blood acts like antifreeze

In warmer weather, even winter breeders breed in warm rains

External fertilization technique used in anurans

A spiracle and internal gills

• Lay eggs on leaves

• lay eggs in holes

• Eggs grow in skin sack on back of mother (surinam toads)

• Genus Jasperi (coqui) have internal fertilization

A release call

Ranidae

Hylidae

Bufonidae

Microphylidae

• True Frogs

• The Tree Frogs

• They have sticky toe pads on their feet (Awe)

• True Toads

• dry, warty skin

• The narrowmouth toads and frogs

Testudines (Only extant fam is Chelonia)

Squamata

Sphenodontia

Crocodilia

Yes, taxonomically speaking.

Squares: Rectangles as Birds:Reptiles

• Amniotic eggs with hard or leathery shells

• Not tied to freshwater resources like amphibians

• Impenetrable skin

Cold climates

“to creep”

Amnion, Allantois, Chorion, yolk sac

Cushion and protect the embryo

Waste storage and respiration

Respiration and protection

support the egg, and prevent water loss

internal fertilization

Keratin and betakeratin

• Hair, claws, feathers, scales

• Stronger jaws

• more advanced cardiovascular system

• larger brains

4

3

• Scales made of betakeratin (sometimes osteoderms)

• Usually separate sexes (hemipenes in males)

• ectothermic (outside heat) and poikilothermic(variable heat)

Turtles and Tortoises

Chelonia (They are the chil boys)

• Many are endangered due to overexploitation

• Long lifespans (150+ years)

• No teeth, keratinized plate

• breathe through cloaca

• Superior sense of smell

• Temperature sex determination

Emydidae

Testudinidae

Pond turtles

Tortises

Tuataras

• lizard like bodies

• native to new zealand

• 10-20 years to sexual maturity

• Alligators, Caimans, Crocodiles, Gherials

• Can weigh up to 1 ton

• more parental care than most other reptiles

• can live in marine and aquatic habitats (estuarine crocs will surf in ocean)

• Temperature Sex Determination

American Agilators

American Crocodilidans

• The Snakes, Lizards, and Worm lizards

• Contains the most extant species (10,000+)

Scale

• Lacertilia

• Amphisbaenids

• Serpentes

• Lizards

• Characterized by 4 limbs (usually, some legless) + Eyelids

• Usually an unforked tongue

• several venomous species

• Mostly oviparous, some viviparous

Gila monster, bearded lizard, komodo dragon

Gekkonidae

Iguanidae

Chamaeleonidae

Polychrotidae

Scincidae

Geckos

Iguanas

Chameleons

Anoles

Skinks

• Comprised of Worm Lizards

• They are secretly worms but they have eyelids (eyes covered by epidermis)

• Mostly fossorial (underground dwelling)

• Most species in latin america and africa

• Snakes

• limbless

• expandable lower jaw/ elastic ligaments

• no external ears (losers)

• Some are very visual predators

• Both oviparous and viviparous are common (most water species viviparous)

• Jacobson’s Organ or Vomeronasal Organ (for strong chemoreception)

• Heat Sensory pits

• overpowering

• constricting

• venom

Viperidae

Elapidae

Colubridae

Boidae

Pythonidae

• Vipers and rattlesnakes

• large hinged fangs

• all venomous

• all are viviparous (Except bushmasters)

Hemotoxins-attack blood (thin/clot)

Mycotoxins-attack muscles/tissues

Neurotoxins-attack brain/neurons

• Cobras and Coral Snakes

• All venomous

• Corn snakes, grass snakes etc. (largest family of serpentes with several genuses)

• mostly nonvenomous, a few venomous

• are Opisthoglyphous (rear fanged)

• Constrictors

• Heaviest snakes (thicc)

• all nonvenomous

• Pythons

• all non-venomous

• Constrictors

• Longest snakes (reticulated pythons)