Genetics Final exam 4

mus musculus

is pretty outdated

a group of genes that operate together

EXACT same code. Differentiation is due to differences in gene expression

Trichoplax

the process in which a stem cell alters from one type to a differentiated one

promoter

can have binding sites for both activator and repressor proteins

are distal regulatory elements that stimulate gene transcription

can block the effect of enhancers

similar in every gene; Transcription factors bind

mix combos of regulatory elements bounds by activator proteins; Transcriptional activators bind

the distal sequence upstream of the gene that may contain additional regulatory elements, often with a weaker influence than the proximal promoter

The ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself

is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

sequence of a chain of amino acids

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

multiple protein subunits

(distinct regions made up of specific amino acid sequences) are associated with unique functions in proteins

Specific activity of proteins which bind DNA and can interact with DNA to turn genes off or on

represent the majority of the DNA-binding motifs in eukaryotes, are involved in several processes

the Helix-loop-helix (HLH) dimer, is shown bound to DNA fragment — each alpha helix represents a monomer

is the major protein that binds to single-stranded DNA in eukaryotic cells.

have motifs which favor SSDNA

modulate the efficiency of basal levels of transcription

act at core promoter

protein binding

Carry consensus sequences to assist in gene regulation

increase transcription initiation

decrease transcription initiation

the first general transcription factor to bind the promoter, binds to the TATA box through the TATA binding protein

small bacterial RNAs that regulate gene expression

(prokaryotic)A catalytic RNA whose activity responds to a small ligand

(eukaryotic) Small noncoding RNA gene that regulate gene expression

(eukaryotic) introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression

The ability of a dsRNA to suppress expression of the corresponding gene systemically in plants

(eukaryotic) Small interfering RNAs (21-24 nt typically) from a variety of sources that act to suppress gene expression

The ability of a tansgene (usually in plants) to inhibit expression of the corresponding endogenous gene (requires sequence similarities)

A protein complex containing an Argonaute family protein with endonuclease activity

a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region

facilitates the activation of RISC, which is essential for RNA interference

adding a methyl group to DNA; deregulates

ATP-dependent movement of nucleosomes relative to the DNA

common theme in eukaryotic RNA-directed chromatin modification is that small RNAs bound to Argonaute family proteins

Downregulates DNA transcription; reversible and does not result in destruction of histones

Upregulates gene expression associated with cell growth and division

regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction

CpG sites occur with high frequency in genomic regions

Enzymes that add a methyl group

constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal circumstances

Short RNA

Argonaute and SiRNA(or piRNA)

Upregulate

Essential metabolic activities

Cancer

a genetic disease at the somatic level, characterized by gene products derived from mutated or abnormally expressed genes

the accumulation of mutations in many genes

Abnormal cell growth and division results in tumors

Defects in normal restraints that prevent cells from spreading

result from unregulated cell growth forming a multicellular mass that can be removed by surgery, causing no serious harm. (primary tumors)

result from cells that break loose and form secondary tumors

(both primary and secondary) originated from a common ancestral cell

Tumor cells that proliferate give rise to cancer stem cells that have the capacity for self- renewal

-Mutation -Chromosomal abnormalities -Genomic instability

The C-ABL gene on chromosome 9 is translocated into the BCR gene on chromosome 22 (Philadelphia chromosome)

monitor cell size and determine whether DNA damage has occured

physiological conditions are checked (once G1/S are passed) prior to mitosis

The formation of the spindle-fiber system and the attachment of spindle fibers to the kinetochores associated with the centromeres are monitored

Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control

programmed cell death

genes whose products promote cell growth and division

(a cancer-causing gene) is a mutated or aberrantly expressed proto-oncogene, a gain-of-function alteration

regulate cell-cycle checkpoints or initiate the process of apoptosis

are mutated in more than 30 percent of human tumors and encode signal transduction molecules that are associated with the cell membrane and regulate cell growth and division

proto-oncogene

mutated in more than 50 percent of all cancers, encodes a nuclear protein that acts as a transcription factor repressing or stimulating transcription of more than 50 different genes (a lot p53=low levels of mutation)

chemical DNA damage, ionizing radiation , UV light

Arrest cell cycle followed by DNA repair, or Apoptosis

Loss or mutation of both alleles of this gene contributes to the development of many cancers due to unregulated progression through the cell cycle

a tumor-suppressor protein that controls the G1/S cell-cycle checkpoint by preventing passage into the S phase

can contribute to the development of cancer in animals and humans

aflatoxin, nitrosamines, synthetic Pestides, or abestos

oxidative products

bacteria model organism

causes stomach acid

used to copy or clone DNA, which allowed scientists to isolate and study specific DNA sequences

Cut DNA at Specific Recognition Sequences

cleave within or at short specific distances from recognition site; most require magnesium (endonuclease)

cleaves nucleic acid strand at the middle

cleaves nucleic acid strands from the ends

is a type II restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from species E. coli

an extrachromosomal ds-DNA molecule that replicates independently from the chromosomes within bacterial cells, can be multiple copies per cell

empty vectors

vectors with insert

usually "selects for" one type of cell (the desired cell type) - typically by killing all the others

usually refers to a method to distinguish/discriminate between (not live vs. dead) the desired and undesired cell type

used to sort through a library and isolate specific genes of interest

any DNA or RNA sequence that is complementary to the target gene of sequence to be identified