4. English Civil War AQA History Alevel

the scottish rebellion in 1637

1641

1642

a group of Scottish Presbyterians who signed the National Covenant in 1638, pledging to defend their faith against any changes imposed by the monarchy

signed Oct 1640 by KCI after defeat to conventeers, put an end to the second bishops’ war but required KCI to give up land and also pay the conventeers £860 a day.

the solemn league and covenant

1643

leader of Scottish royalists

after winning many battles but gained little money or support from KCI so most returned to Scotland ad remaining army was crushed by Sep 1645

KCI lost all support fro Scotland

Irish rebellion Oct 1641

1641 irish got made at new anti-catholic laws and started to attack settlers

catholics helps KCI Protestants joined forces with p 1642

protestants took over the north and dublin but catholics still controlled majority of it

one year truce signed in ireland, 22,000 troops from bith sides went to england

catholic help to KCi only futhered p thinking KCI was catholic. p fored military alliance with protestants through Solemn League.

gaelics fought their own battles agains coventers so they weren’t very united with the royalists

old english and gaelic irish

hadcontrol over london therefore ports

they believed kci was too catholic and that god would allow they to win if they were meant to (providence)

placed leaders in control through patronage and didn’t think to get control over london

p gained money routinely through tax like T&P whereas kci had to rely on inconsistant means like gifts from gentry, also kci was very indecicive and t forces were divided into smaller groups. set uop committee of both kingdoms.

p had 28,0000, r had 18,000

formed 1644 group of highly relgious puritans that were very relgiously motivated. soldiers treated well but strictly

one very organised army that was very determined and very skilled at fighting

he signed a peace treaty with Catholic confederacy

Ormond

p rule that their military leaders were often checked for their perfromance and removed if nesseccary, nit just placed there through patronage

an organisation set up by Parliament to provide an organised army

The soldiers in the New Model Army received regular pay and were promoted based on merit. The Royalists did not receive proper pay

failed to bring his troops to support the London Attack 1643

kci’s nephew and was bad, he didnt bring his troops to help is Marston Moor

Nov 1643 volunteers that forced royalist armies back

1644 set up by p and conventeers to manage finance and maintaining the NMA

joined p army in the east, baecame leader of cw. helped join scots and p

Marston Moor Jul 1644, Naseby Jun 1645, Oxford 1646. Newark May 1646

kci’s surrender to Scots at Newark 1646 then royalist surrender at Oxford Jun 1646

after winning Marston Moor, they missed opportunities to gain from it and failed in smaller battles months later

people from towns caught in battles that anted nothing to do with the war so fought both sides, were particularly brutal to royalists because they were less organised and took more advantage of them

organisation to help organise, but north and south parts were independent and capable men were take by kci to be used elsewhere therefore not helping

Engagers intended to invade and P/army hardened up, also p wanted to crush the small rebellions happening across england and wales

April 1648, before battle NMA, called KCI ‘a man of blood’ and debated regicide in public for first time

scots attacked, all army troops teamed up and crushed royalist troops

Cromwell and Lambert ensures all in power were anti-engagers

army: settlement with KCI as impossible, royalist army leaders tried and executed

p: wanted to reopen negotiations, feared army’s radicalism, wanted to regain order

• had the rightful king

• had support from abroad

• had support from rich elites

• weren’t locals to battle areas

• club men hated Royalists more than Parliamentarians because liked the discipline of NMA and felt more exploited by the rich

• Charles had conflicting messages, like from Henrietta Maria and his advisor Edward Hyde, normally listening to his inexperienced wife

• Charles was indecisive so often did things too late to be effective

• Charles was found communicating with the Pope- huge propaganda for Parliamentarians

• felt they had more to lose - faced definite treason

• had control of London;

  • control of the printing press

  • access to city’s money

  • had 1/10 of England’s population in one city

  • largest port

  • the biggest industry for arms, clothes, and shoes

• had control of the navy

Catholics were crushed by the puritans so came to help Charles in England, aggravating Charles more because they were catholic

hardcore Puritan army: got fined for swearing, were regularly paid, professional soldiers

when Montrose (Scottish Royalist) was defeated at Philiphaugh in Sep 1645