Human Geo Unit 3 (Ch. 6,7,8)

the beliefs, values, cultures, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society an passed down from generation to generation

specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture

the visible objects and technologies that a culture creates, like houses, buildings, clothing, tools, toys, and land-use practices. change readily.

specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture. slower to change than artifacts

the central, enduring elements of a culture that reflect its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs. slowest to change.

the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in a society at a given point in time

comprised of long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down form generation to generation (ex. language, food, ceremonies, customs)

shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group of people play an important role in upholding traditions and keep traditional culture from changing.

the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture.

the evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standards

the human imprint on the landscape, and it offers clues about cultural practices and priorities, both past and present

how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint

a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region

the state of belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

cultural landscapes within communities of people outside of their areas of origin (ex. Chinatown, Tehrangeles)

established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

an architectural style that emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to “modern” designs, which emphasized form, structure, and materials

a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values

a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities

a place name

spaces designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles. found in societies with strict rules for men and women.

one’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither—how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves

spaces of acceptance for people of comminities that are sometimes marginalized by society

the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences

a term coined in the late 1980s that refers to a communal space such as a coffee shop, fitness center, or bookstore that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)

when people fill a geographic location with meaning by connection memories and feelings to it.

a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

a variation of a standard language specific to a general area. distinguished by differences in pronunciation, rapidity of speech, word choice, and spelling.

people who are loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

a large fundamental division within a religion

separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations

a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

a force that unites a group of people

a force that divides a group of people

the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another

a place of origin for a widespread cultural trend

when an aspect of diffusion spreads outward from where it originated

when an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently, or to people or places that are next to or adjoining one another

the spread of an idea or cultural trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places (can also happen in reverse)

when the fundamental idea behind a cultural trait stimulates a new innovation (ex. different kinds of mcdonalds food menus)

a common language used among speakers of different languages, as conquered peoples adopt the languages of the conqueror (or for trading)

when two or more cultures blend together

the process by which people across the world have become increasingly connected through travel, trade, and technology

the trend of people moving from rural to urban areas

when cultures interact with one another and become more similar, adopting and sharing one another's ideas.

when conflicting beliefs or other barriers can cause two cultures to become less similar. can happen when an individual moves to a new area and is exposed to new cultural traits

where people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture. (ex. wearing jeans while eating traditional foods)

when the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other (can be forced, like residential schools)

when traits from two or more cultures blend together to form a new custom, idea, value, or practice. (ex. sushi burrito, kimchi taco)

when diverse cultures coexist in a shared space. may share some cultural features with others around them while retaining some of their original cultural traits. not belonging solely to one culture or the other

the largest grouping of related languages and includes those languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or origin. (ex. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo)

when a language has no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known language. (ex. French Basque)

a collection of languages within a family that share a common origin and were separated from other branches in the same family thousands of years ago. may show some similarities in grammatical structure, but are distinct enough that two speakers from different branches will not be able to understand one another

languages within a branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap. speakers from other language groups can notice similar words and may be able to understand each other (ex. Spanish and Portuguese)

the languages of small groups of people, often of indigenous cultures, that become in danger of disappearing due to declining populations and cultural pressures.

religions that attempt to appeal to a wide variety of people and are open to membership by all, regardless of a person’s location, language, or ethnicity. (ex. Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism)

a religion based on the teachings of Jesus, a man believed by the faithful to be God's son. taught his followers that they should love and care for their fellow humans.

the world's second largest religion. originated in the cities of Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century. Muhammad, who is considered the last messenger of Allah (God), introduced Islam to the Arab people.

the world's oldest universalizing religion. based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha, or “the Enlightened One.”

founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539. Its hearth is the Punjab region of northwestern India. believe there is one God and that devotion to that God will bring liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth

closely tied with a particular ethnic group generally in a particular region. (ex. hinduism, judaism)

specifically tied to India and has left its mark on various natural and human features of that South Asian region, including the Ganges River, which is considered sacred Hindus.

developed among the Hebrew people of Southwest Asia in present-day Israel and Lebanon about 4,000 years ago. based on the teachings of Abraham.

not religious, usually in reference to groups related to an ethnic religion

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

a tangible human creation on the natural landscape

the relationship between culture and the environment, dealing with human adaptations to various environments

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit.

a culture that's based on valuing the needs of a group or a community over the individual

the zone of outer influence where people with the culture traits in question can even be a minority within another culture region.

the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communication between speakers of two different languages

a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions. can be a boundary between two different languages, or, more frequently, the boundary between two different dialects of the same language

societies that speak more than one official or non-official language

languages are formed by the combination of two or more languages (ex. Haitian creole)

a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

the belief that there is only one god or divine being (ex. Judaism, Christianity, Islam)

belief in multiple gods, usually that are responsible for different areas of the universe and of human experience (ex. Hinduism)

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.

a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.