Nutrition Final Study Guide

proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals and water

proteins, carbs and fats

fats

proteins, carbs, fats and vitamins

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment/design, conclusion

Cross-sectional, Case-control and cohort studies

Animal studies, in vitro studies and clinical trials

Research study observed at one set point

Two groups that visualize changes usually in accordance with disease and a control group over time

Examines a common group at defined intervals over time

Dietary Reference Intakes

Estimated Average Requirements

Adequate Intake

Recommended Daily Allowance

Upper intake levels

Caused by inadequate diet

Caused by other problems inside the body

4 cal/gram

4 cal/gram

9 cal/gram

7 cal/gram

breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption

The uptake of nutrients by cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

Digestion begins here, when we think, smell, see or taste food our stomach begins to secrete gastric acids

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

pancreas, liver and gallbladder

May not feel hunger right away as the cephalic phase takes time and stomach may not be able to prepare for food

food that moves into the stomach

Semiliquid mass that leaves stomach

emulsifier bringing fats into suspension with water

made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Digestion of fats

The small villi and microvilli increase surface area

Makes it so everything moves effectively

Mono- and Disaccharides

Oligo- and Polysaccharides

glucose, galactose and fructose

most abundant

found mostly in fruits

component of lactose, mammary glands

glucose and fructose

galactose and glucose

The lack of the lactase enzyme that breaks down lactose molecules in order for breakdown into monosaccharides

Diarrhea is common because the larger sugar molecule pulls in water as it travels through digestive track

They are carbs with 3-10 sugar units and needed for prebiotics

larger chains of sugars that take longer to break down and feel fuller

sugars stored into muscles

slow gastric emptying, full feeling

provides bulk, better for constipation

diabetes, insulin resistance and dental caries

oils, butter, wax and sterols

Storage, energy source, structure and communication

glycerol and fatty acids

single bonded, solid at room temp

Double bonded, liquid at room temp

Omega 3 and 6

ALA, EPA and DHA

ALA- chia seeds, EPA/DHA- fish

change from unsaturated to saturated form that is modified by scientists

Increases cholesterol, increases bad cholesterol and decreases good cholesterol

Cell membranes, precursor to vitamin D and steroid hormones and needed for bile acid

Gastric lipase in stomach, bile in small intestine, absorbed through lymph system

stored as glycogen in the muscles

amino acids

peptide bond

chemical bonds only

electrical attractions

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

two or more polypeptides

pregnant and lactating women, athletes

hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes

underweight, muscle wasting, poor growth and Kwahinorkor

all the chemical reactions in the body

adenosine triphosphate, bodies energy

cycle that converts glucose to pyruvate

cycle that converts acetyl coA to ATP

anaerobic glycolysis can keep making small amounts of ATP by recycling itself

The process of breaking apart fatty acids and making them into acetyl CoA

converted to either pyruvate, acetyl CoA or they are able to simply enter TCA cycle as is

Carbon dioxide, oxaloacetate, NADH, FADH2

proton gradient used to pump ATP

glucagon, cortisol and epinephrine

insulin

physiological response, triggered by hypothalamus

feeling full/satisfied after a meal, determines period between meals

feeling full/satisfied during a meal, determines how much you eat during a meal

thirst, hunger and satiety

thermogenesis + basal metabolism + physical activity + NEAT

visceral fat

elevated blood pressure, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers

mental health condition in which you can't stop thinking about perceived flaws or defects in your appearance

Binge eating disorder

an obsession with eating foods that one considers healthy

includes weight, stature, abdominal circumference and skinfold measurements

assessment of large populations

doesn't take into account individual differences

assessment of bone mineral density, body fat and lean muscle mass

Phentermine, Topiramate, Bupropion, Naltrexone, GLP-1 Agonists, Orlistat

GLP-1 agonists

Decreased appetite