Ap bio

All living things made of same 4 basic types of molecules

Individual subunits of larger molecules known as building blocks

Small groups of atoms that confer specific chemical traits

Makes things polar and water soluble

Makes things acids and water soluble

Energizes and makes water soluble

Makes things bases

Makes things nonpolar and insoluble

Stabilized proteins

Remove water in order to stick two molecules together

Using water to break 2 molecules apart, put water back in

Any large biological molecule made by fusing together monomers

all of the monomers are of the same type and becomes a giant molecule

Monomer

Macromolecule

Both macromolecules and polymers

Must have both carbon and hydrogen

Have only C and H

Have only C, H and O

Can bond to 4 other atoms; can form double bonds, rings and chains

Living systems

Covalent bond>ionic bond>hydrogen bond

sugar, all are carbohydrate, most dissolve easily in in H2O

single monomer of sugar, smallest unit of saccharide

example of Monosaccharides

two monosaccharides bonded together

example of Disaccharides

a few monosaccharides, serve as membrane receptors or identification markers

many, different properties based on bonding patterns and chain shape

examples of Polysacchraides

plant glucose

plant cell walls

animal glucose

hydroxyl groups facing out are

hydroxyl group facing in are

modified polysaccharide, not a carbohydrate

macromolecules but not polymers, grouped together due to hydrophobic nature

non polar and is insoluble, fear of water

fats and oils; compact, longer than term E storage; takes less room than glycogne/starch

usually solid at room temperature in animals

usually liquid at room temperature in plants

one glycerol molecule bound to 3 fatty acid molecule

an alcohol that binds up to 3 monomers

are hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group on one end

don’t pack well, less dense and liquid; there is room for more hydrogen

packed tightly so dense and solid, full of hydrogen

man-made, made by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, upsets cholesterol levels

our bodies can’t make these so we must eat them in our food

Hydrophobic, made of 4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached

animal cell membranes and precursor for steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile salts

Testosteron, Vitamin D, Cortisone, and Cholesterol

Amphipathic, Glycerol bond, makes cell membrane

a long chain of fatty acids tightly packed to long chain alcohols or carbon rings; repels water

polypeptide; polymers made of amino acid monomers; make enzymes, hormones, and muscle; R group

bonds between amino acids

largest monomer made of 3 different groups/monomers; a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogen base

polymers of many nucleotides; DNA and RNA

made of nucleotides with the sugar deoxyribose

made of nucleotides with the sugar ribose

removes water to stick molecules together

using water to break 2 molecules apart; puts water back in

the backbone of every functional group