AP Psych Unit 10 Personality

Who developed the 1st comprehensive theory of personality?

What are the three components of Sigmund Freund's comprehensive theory of personality?

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Think "COMMON" therapy approach except extreme - hesitations regarded as sexual unconscious undesirable feelings

Hesitations, mumblings, accidental missaid words that can be psychoanalyzed to have an alternative unconscious meaning and unconscious tensions

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream; reveals unconscious tension

Freund's belief that failure to resolve a significant conflict during one of the psychosexual stages results in FIXATION in a singular stage; may be caused by under-gratification OR over-gratification

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Pleasure seeking energies (i.e. sexual desire)

What are the 5 psychosexual stages of personality according to Freund?

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during 0-18 months in which pleasure is centered in the mouth (sucking and biting); appears as oral fixation

i.e. overeating, smoking, and a childlike dependence on things and people

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development during 18-36 months in which a child learns to control his bodily excretions

A fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child's freedom to have bowel movements is restricted; results in obsessively organized and meticulous personality traits

i.e. your parents placed a lot of pressure on you to become potty trained → YOU CRAVE CONTROL

A fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child is allowed to have bowel movements too freely; results in cruel, overemotional, and disorganized personality traits

i.e. your parents put NO/hardly any pressure on you to become potty trained → YOU ARE OUT OF CONTROL

Freud's third stage of development during 3- 6 years when sexual gratification moves to the genitalia; children realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family

Penis envy, castration anxiety, and the Oedipus and Electra complexes develop during this time

Part of the Electra complex; females WANT a penis because they understand that a penis = power; females are envious of men and attempt to undermine them

Fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

According to Neo-Freudians, a girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

The process by which children incorporate the same-sex parent’s values into their developing superegos; emulating and attaching themselves to the “threatening parent”; encourages detachment from the other parent

"If you can't be them, join them"

What is the result of fixation in the phallic stage?

The fourth psychosexual stage during age 6 to puberty in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills; DO NOT focus on sex

Freud's stage of psychosexual development from puberty and on when adult sexuality is prominent; people enter this stage and remain in it for the rest of their lives, seeking sexual pleasure and intimacy through sexual relationships

What is fixation in the genital stage?

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories (we do NOT have access to it on our own without Freud)

Within the unconscious mind, what two instincts exist?

Romantic love; life; the libido (sexual drive) and sex

Death; aggression

What we are presently aware of; Freud’s "tip of the iceberg” for what is in your mind

What is stored in one's memory that one is not presently aware of but can access; i.e. what you ate yesterday

What are the three parts personality consists of?

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy from birth that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

UNCONSCIOUS

THINK "devil on your shoulder"

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality from 2-3 years old and after; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

PARTLY CONSCIOUS/PARTLY UNCONSCIOUS

THINK "person"

The id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

The ego negotiates desires of the id and environmental limitations (reality).

The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality; the "toolbox" of the ego to prevent knowledge of how messed up you actually are by protecting the conscious mind from threatening thoughts

The part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations that develops around age 5; strives for PERFECTION

PARTLY CONSCIOUS/PARTLY UNCONSCIOUS

THINK "angel on your shoulder"

Why shouldn't the superego be the most prominent part of personality?

What is the impact of weak versus strong superegos?

What are the types of defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

i.e. not "remembering" an ex-partner after a break-up

Defense mechanism where people refuse to believe/perceive painful realities; not accepting the ego-threatening truth

i.e. acting like a couple is still together despite a break-up (denial of breakup); NOT accepting you’re wrong

Defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable/less threatening object or person; redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

i.e. instead of hitting an ex-partner, you take out your anger on a weaker target (bully a freshman)

Defense mechanism where people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

"a liar thinks everyone is a liar, a thief thinks everyone is a thief, a racist thinks everyone is a racist"

i.e. acting like an ex-partner wants to get back together, when it’s really YOU who wants to

Defense mechanism where the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

"we're all hypocrites"

i.e. acting like you loathe/hate your ex-partner, when really you love them

Defense mechanism when an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

i.e. sucking your thumb whenever you see their ex-partner

i.e. cleaning your room to elicit sense of control and comfort instead of facing problem

*NOTE: BASIS FOR OCD!

Defense mechanism where an individual comes up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence

i.e. acting like the break-up is an opportunity to date someone better

Defense mechanism that channels one’s frustration towards a different, “healthy” goal (i.e. working out, trying to play guitar, etc)

Defense mechanism that attempts to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis

i.e. after a break-up, conducting unemotional research about why relationships fail

What are the four major criticisms of Freudian psychoanalysis?

How did Karen Horney & Nancy Chodorow challenge Freudian psychoanalysis?

Horney and Chodorow's concept that women do not suffer from "penis envy;" INSTEAD men are jealous of women bc women can reproduce, giving them power over life.

How are the Neo-Freudians (psychodynamic theorists) different from Freund's psychoanalysis?

3 Neo-Freudians we need to know?

Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences; on a unconscious level you are driven to be BETTER than others (one-up) due to unresolved inferiority you experienced in a critical period

Think “Napolean Complex”--I’m short, so I will conquer the world!!

Jung's theory that we ALL SHARE an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements

i.e. knowing Luke Skywalker is the hero, Darth Vader is the bad guy, Leia is the princess, etc.

Persona (ego) → SELF → Shadow (anima-anamus)

*evenly split

men’s feminine side

women’s masculine side

Personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

Think “psychological X-ray” (showcasing the unconscious, including hidden conflicts and impulses)

The most widely used projective test designed by Herman Rorshcack; people assess what they see in a set of 10 inkblots; seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

A projective test designed by Henry Murray; people create stories based on a series of 20 photos; seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their made-up stories about the pictures.

2 humanistic psychologists we need to know?

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the positive growth potential of healthy people; emphasizes the role of FREE WILL = an individual's ability to CHOOSE his or her own destiny (PEOPLE CAN CHANGE if they dislike themselves)

Every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will (applies to psychoanalysis and behaviorism)

*opposite of humanism

What are the first 3 "forces"/waves of psychology?

What are the 4 main components of humanistic psychology?

physiological needs (i.e. air, water, food) → safety needs (i.e. personal security, employment, resources) → love & belonging (i.e. friendship, family, intimacy)→ esteem (i.e. respect, self-esteem) → self-actualization

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Humanistic psychologist known for his person-centered/client-centered perspective and unconditional positive regard attitude

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth; CLIENT-LED meeting w/ therapist providing guidance

What are the 3 conditions for growth-promoting climate according to Carl Rogers?

people are transparent, self-disclosing, and open about their feelings; people drop their facades

people offer unconditional positive regard (an attitude of total acceptance toward another person); you need someone to give you UNCONDITIONAL LOVE and ALWAYS stay by your side (no matter what)

people share and mirror other’s feelings and reflect their meanings; putting yourself in someone else’s shoes

How did Rogers gauge the self-concept of his clients?

What are the 3 points of criticism for humanistic perspective?

Developed trait theories focused on describing people’s personalities through the use of traits, NOT explaining them (unlike Freud)

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act

According to trait theorists, our characteristics are thought to be ______ and ______ across different situations and times

A statistical procedure used to identify clusters

i.e. identifying many traits to narrow down the “Big 5 Traits” or main trait categories

The SAME basic traits can be used to describe ALL people

i.e. Hans and Sybil Eysenck classify people along an introversion-extroversion scale & a stable-unstable scale

Sanguine, Phlegmatic

Choleric, Melancholic

Phlegmatic, Melancholic

Sanguine, Choleric

calm, even-tempered, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive

quiet, unsociable, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody

leadership, carefree, lively, easygoing, responsive, talkative, outgoing, sociable

active, optimistic, impulsive, changeable, excitable, aggressive, restless, touchy

Who developed the 16 PF test?

measures the 16 basic traits present in all people

What is the MOST COMMON trait test?

Who came up with the Big 5 personality traits?

What are the Big 5 Traits?

A thorough, intensive study of a single person or case in order to obtain the most IN-DEPTH understanding

**Using the same terms to classify ALL people is IMPOSSIBLE!!

What did Gordon Allport believe about trait theories?

What are Allport’s 3 types of personality traits?

ONE trait that plays a pivotal role in virtually everything a person does

i.e. Sociability & Oprah Winfrey