ANAT & PHYS: PLANES AND DIRECTIONS (Test 3)

standing erect, with the palms and feet facing forward. This is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

divides the body into right and left portions

divides the body into front and back portions

divides the body into upper and lower portions

refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body

refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body

refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body

refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

with reference to the extremities only, refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb

with reference to the extremities only, refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb

refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure

refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

toward the front/belly

toward the back

lying face down

lying face up

pertaining to one side of the body

pertaining to both sides of the body

bending at a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones

straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion

moving a body part toward the midline of the body

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot down)

turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up)

moving a part backward

moving a part forward

raising a part

lowering a part

turning on a single axis

tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder

rotation of the hip or the shoulder away from midline

rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline

side-bending left or right

turning the sole of the foot inward

turning the sole of the foot outward

ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin

ankle movement pointing the foot downward

movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side

movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side

movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand