bio 3030 final

the rates of change that we see today have been the same through earth history . processes of change are uniform

the world came about very quick through sudden chromatin changes - great flood, in 7 days -exclusive idea until 1800s

(disproven theory) inheritance of acquired traits= changes to an organism during a lifetime are passed on its offspring

process that promotes the maintenance and spread of traits that enhance survival and fecundit

evolution by natural selection consist of?

-attunement to the environment -a trait that increases fitness in a particular environment -only get from natural selection

selection for the current phenotype (keeping the phenotype exactly the same)

selection for two different allele states

-selection away from the current phenotype -replacement of one allele with another

to calculate allele frequencies in the next generation -what happens to alleles in the next generation

No natural selection on allele No genetic drift Random mating Also no migration of allele for another population

-evolution due to chance events in small populations -change in allele frequency due to sampling error

most evolutionary change in dna sequences (sequence evolution) is due to genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral (Motoo Kimura)

when a change in nucleotide sequences doesn't change amino acid sequence

when a change in nucleotide does change the amino acid sequence

life began from a series of chemical reactions in water on earth's surface triggered by an external energy source such as lightning strike or ultraviolet (UV) light Hypothesis

Spontaneous appearance of organic molecules Emergent properties- resulting in more complex macromolecules An evolutionary selection occurred for self replication and membrane compartmentalization

life on earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself

why did RNA world start

In biology, a chimera is an organism containing a mixture of genetic material from 2 or more (usually distant related) species -an achaean and bacteria fused to form one

-mitochondria lived inside primitive eukaryotes and evolved to become co dependent -may have started as a parasite or undigested food

endosymbiont hypothesis

chimera hypothesis

Eukaryotes escaped the need for extreme efficiency and replication speed

Mitochondrion lost 99% of its genome Nucleus gained tens of thousands of genes

mitochondrial component- metabolic and biosynthesis functions

nuclear DNA(archaeon) Mitochondrial DNA- (bacterial )

the result of insertion of mitochondrial DNA into nuclear DNA

spliceosome & nuclear membrane

molecular system that cuts out introns before translation (already existed in bacteria

needed to physically separate transcription and translation

selection for mitonuclear coadaptation is only possible if there is no heteroplasmy

The coordination of function by the products if the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome to achieve oxidative phosphorylation,maintained by coevolution

avoiding heteroplasmy is necessary to avoid genomic conflict among mitochondria (selecting for faster replication speed)

A conflict of interest within an organism wherein one or a set of genes have phenotypic effects that promote their own transmission to the detriment of the transmission of their genes that reside in the same genome

Each gene promotes its own spread in the population Natural selection acts at the level of the gene

does not harm other genes

directly harm other genes

contest among genes

lose 50% of reproductive advantage through asexual reproduction -when producing sexually. female is only 1/2 related to offspring

Asexual does not produce enough and is not diverse enough to keep up with environmnetal changes Pathogen co evolution is proposed as the main driver of sex

the production of descendent individuals by combining t=genetic information from “parent” individuals

genome is copied and transmitted to descendants

-would gain 50% greater reproductive advantage

-reproducing sexually, a female is only 1/2 related to offspring -cost of mate searching, sexual diseases, destruction of successful gene combinations -recombination (advantage)

when the fitness effect of a gene is both positive and negative

natural selection favors genes that bestow benefits early in life even if they carry a cost late in life

The mitochondria of female germ cells are almost never metabolically active.

invest more ein reproduction and less in self maintenance for survival (rat and finch) -short life, more reproduction

invest less in reproduction and more in self maintenance for survival -long life, less reproduction

phenetics & cladistics

method for constructing phylogenies based on the overall similarity of the organisms . total shared traits Group organisms by similarity

method for constructing phylogenies based on shared derived characters

similar by descent (inherit trait from common ancestor)

similar due to convergent evolution (independently evolve trait)

formation of 2 or more species from an ancestral species (speciation)

evolutionary change within a species (lineage) over time. descent with modification (adaptation)

-s species sia by interbreeding population reproductively isolated from all other populations

“Good species do not hybridize”

-a species is any group of organisms with a unique evolutionary history as diagnosed by one or more traits -any diagnosable (difference) group is a species

the developmental and physiological mechanisms responsible for the trait

the evolutionary forces that shape the trait

social behavior evolves under specific combinations of relatedness, benefit and cost B x R > C

behavior pattern where some individuals do no reproduce to promote the reproduction of others

male-male competition -direct contents for access to mates -leads to the evolution of armaments

female mate choice -coercing females into choice -leads to evolution of ornaments

ornamental traits are honest signals of male quality -by choosing ornamental traits, female gain fitness benefits beyond attractive sons

what determines male quality

two species benefits from the activity of each other

two species depend on the existence of each other

changes in the allele frequency in the genome of one species affects the allele frequencies in the genome of a second species

3.5 billion years ago

14 billion years ago

2 billion years ago

4.5 billion years ago

the individual

you lose half of the mates