In sickness and in Health

true

the ability for organisms to maintain a steady sate when the external environment changes

sweating or shivering

a normal or target value

a range of values, around the target value, that are normal or healthy

the endocrine system and the nervous system

all body activities

it secretes hormones that regulate activities that the nervous system controls

it supplies body cells with all the substances, they also keep temperature pH, and other conditions at the optimal levels

high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood --> triggers faster breathing --> lungs exhale more --> removes carbon dioxide from the body fast

low level of water in the blood --> triggers retention in kidneys --> kidneys produce more concentrated urine --> less water lost from body

high concentration of sugar in the blood --> triggers secretion of insulin from pancreas -->

hormone that helps cells absorb sugar from the blood

response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a set value, it shuts off or turns on.

1. a change in the body is detected --> temp or gluc level

2. a message is sent to a gland or organ

3. a response is initiated --> body returns to normal state

true

insulin which comes from the pancreas

when a change from normal state triggers a reaction that results in the change being amplified

contraction :D

filter blood, remove nitrogenous waste, regulate salt and water balance, regulate sugar levels

receptor cells are a nerve cell that identifies change in the environment both inside and outside the body

a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli (tongue)

a receptor that responds to light (eye)

responds to pressure or distortion (skin, inner ear)

responds to heat (skin)

senses the environment, controls action

the brain and spinal cord

muscles and glands

the bundles of nerves that relay messages between the sense organ, central nervous system and the muscles and glands.

it is spread out through the entire body

cells that transmit messages in the form of electrical signals from the central nervous system.

where the nucleus is located

branches that receive messages

a thread like structure that carries impulses to other neurons

a fatty later that sometimes insulates the axon and sometimes a dendrite.

general structure of a neuron

transmit messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system

transmit messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons

transmit messages from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscle and glands to initiate a response.

slow, generally takes longer to have an effect

fast, generally has a rapid effect

often long lasting

usually short lived

the hormones travel to all parts of the body via the bloodstream. BUT only affect the receptors for that particular hormone

very localised

in the blood stream

along nerves

hormone (chemical)

electrical impulse, neurotransmitter (chemical)

source gland --> adrenal target --> whole body main effects --> increases heart rate shuts down digestion makes energy available to muscles

source gland --> thyroid target --> whole body main effects --> makes cells consume more oxygen and nutrients increases body temperature

source gland --> pituitary target --> thyroid main effects --> stimulates thyroid hormone production

source gland --> pituitary target --> gonads (ovaries or testicles) main effect --> stimulates egg production in females stimulates sperm production in males

glucose

true

insulin yay :D —> it is produced by the pancreases

diabetes

the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to control blood glucose levels

regular injections of insulin

the target cells of insulin stop responding properly —> insulin resistance

change diet

injection of sperm into the women’s uterus close to to time of ovulation

It has also been used in agriculture in the production of prime farm animals, and in the breeding programs for endangered species

It is when the egg and semen are combined outside the mother's body in a dish.

they can get it from a donor :D

• some people believe it goes against nature

• religion may play a part in determining someone's views

• its very expensive

• Donors do not get paid

an organism which causes a disease to its host

microbes

yup

they are multicellular, do not typically multiply but instead produce transmission stages.

they are unicellular, they reproduce

are single- celled organisms whose DNA is inside a membrane-bounded nucleus

single celled organisms whose DNA is not contained inside a membrane-bounded nucleus

can not reproduce unless inside a host cell

are thought to be incorrectly folded proteins

yes

they are not caused by pathogens and can NOT be transmitted from one organism to another.

sneezing, coughing, physical contact with an infected organism, contaminated objects, contaminated water supply or vectors

infectious disease

non-infectious disease

the barrier defences

prevents pathogens from entering the body. it consists of both physical and chemical barriers

skin, cilia, hair, urine, and mucous

saliva, tears, strong acid, and acidity in your skin

it is NON SPECIFIC !!!

white blood cells also known as phagocytes

large white blood cell which eats pathogens

fever, inflammation, and phagocytes

the increase of body temp (above 38) --> slows down and kills pathogens

painful redness and swelling in the affected area --> more blood = more white blood cells

• identify and destroy specific pathogens

• build long-lasting immunity against the pathogen in case they infect the body again

false

a type of protein that can bind to a pathogen

• the immune system has formed a memory of the pathogen

• the immune system can fight the pathogen more quickly and effectively

• prevent the spread of a viral diseases and some bacterial disease

• trains the body

a weakened or killed version of the particular pathogen

a way of treating some bacterial diseases once people have gotten them

yes

1928 by Alexander Fleming

<3 mwah