General Biology finals

Consists of sequential phases of events wherein the parent cell divides and replicates DNA materials to produce two daughter cells

Cells Undergo Cell Cycle Processes for…

Cells Division is also known as

Occurs when old cells in the body die and new cells form

A common process among life forms to make a new organism from one or two parent organisms

Involves two specialized cells, called Gametes, coming from the parents that will result to a unique offspring

The production of offspring from a single parent without the involvement of gametes

The cell pinches apart, splits into two, then a new cell wall forms between two daughter cells

An organized structure where DNA, a double-stranded molecule is tightly coiled

What does DNA stands for?

Complex set of macromolecules that contain loose DNA, proteins and RNA

identical copies formed by the replication of a chromosome

Refers to each strand of duplicated chromosomes

Group of proteins located at the centromere that is attached to the long spindle fibers during cell division

Located at the end of the DNA "X" it contain genetic information that do not translate into traits 

A region of condensed pinched chromosomes

The longest growth period consist of 3 phases: G1, S, G2

Cells increase their size as their organelles double in number

the DNA replicates, doubling of genetic material

• Contains a critical checkpoint before transitioning to the next stage

• The production of enzymes occurs

Division of nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei containing the same full set of DNA.

• Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes

• Nucleolus disappears

• Spindle fibers are formed by the organized microtubules

Spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids facilitates the movement of the chromosomes towards the middle of the cell

Chromosomes lined up along the plane equidistant from a microtubule region called ____________________

• The spindle fibers (centriole) begins to pull the sister chromatids away from each other toward the opposite ends of the cell

• Cohesin breaks down

The 2 complete sets of identical chromosomes are now positioned at each pole of the cell, nuclear membrane starts to form back again making 2 nucleus and ready for cytokinesis

• Involves splitting the cytoplasm into two cells and completes the entire stage of cell cycle

• Starts with the formation of cleavage furrow or trench that is pulled inward by tiny strands of protein called microfilaments, the membrane begins to pinch roughly in half and close off, forming a separate cell around each nucleus 

• Cells do not divide in situations where nutrients are short in supply

• Cell division is energy demanding process

• Cells do not divide when there are no instruction to divide

• These cells are usually activated by both internal (inside the cell) external (outside the cell) factors

Come from outside the cell

cell-to-cell contact

__________ released by the cell such as growth factors provide instruction for the other cells to grow

__________ stimulates the production of cells that become red blood cells

When a cell touches another cell, it stops dividing

Cells only grow if surface is available and stop dividing when detached from the culture dish

Come from inside the cell include several types of molecules in its cytoplasm

An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to the target molecule

Are rapidly destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle to allow cells to progress from G1 to M stage

Kinases that help control cell cycle can be activated by a group of protein called ______

Cell death or suicide

How many chromosomes does a human being body cells have?

It is a double stranded molecule, is tightly coiled in an organized structure called chromosome.

These are responsible for packaging the DNA efficiently into smaller volume so that it fits the nucleus of a cell.

Protein that stimulate cell division, which have the ability to activate specific genes to trigger cell growth.

Definite stages of cell cycle