Chapter 14: Social Psychology

________ (1951) conducted one of the most interesting conformity experiments.

________ are at work when you feel compelled to send money to the charity that sent you free return address labels or when you cast your vote in the student election for the candidate that handed out those delicious chocolate chip cookies.

________ put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.

________ may be either negative or positive and can be applied to virtually any group of people (e.g., racial, ethnic, geographic)

The ________ effect- The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them.

________ refers to how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched Charley.

________ is the phenomenon when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone.

________ occurs when group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group.

________ (1966) camp study (also known as the Robbers Cave study) illustrates both how easily out- group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can be used to unite formerly antagonistic groups.

Stereotyping can lead to prejudice when negative stereotypes (those rude ________) are applied uncritically to all members of a group (she is from ________, therefore she must be rude) and a negative attitude results.

________ is a set of beliefs and feelings.

________ and James Carlsmith conducted the classic experiment about cognitive dissonance in the late 1950s.

________ is another area of study within the field of social cognition.

________ can be processed through the central route or the peripheral route.

________ also study what factors increase the chance that people will like one another.

________ is an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people.

________ is based on the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors.

________ states that the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it.

________ is when the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end.

In- ________ is thought to stem from peoples belief that they themselves are good people.

________ is the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones.

________ is the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others.

Helping behavior is termed ________.

________ are evaluative, meaning that our feelings toward such things are necessarily positive or negative.

________ tries to explain how people determine the cause of what they observe.

consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

to persuasion involves deeply processing the content of the message; what about this potato chip is so much better than all the others?

on the other hand, involves other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message (the communicator).

is based on the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors.

conducted the classic experiment about cognitive dissonance in the late 1950s.

Often people use certain strategies to get others to comply with their wishes.

strategy argues that after people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable.

are at work when you feel compelled to send money to the charity that sent you free return address labels or when you cast your vote in the student election for the candidate that handed out those delicious chocolate chip cookies.

is another area of study within the field of social cognition.

put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.

refers to how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time.

refers to how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched Charley.

asks us to consider how others in the same situation have responded.

(1968) “Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment.

was named fundamental because it was believed to be so widespread.

like the American culture, the importance and uniqueness of the individual is stressed.

like Japanese culture, a person’s link to various groups such as family or company is stressed.

The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them.

is the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones.

in which misfortunes befall people who deserve them, can be seen in the tendency to blame victims.

may be either negative or positive and can be applied to virtually any group of people (e.g., racial, ethnic, geographic).

is an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people.

the belief that one’s culture (e.g., ethnic, racial) is superior to others, is a specific kind of prejudice.

is thought to stem from people’s belief that they themselves are good people.

more diverse than members of other groups

One theory about how to reduce prejudice is known as the

The contact theory, as its name suggests, states that contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all.

(1966) camp study (also known as the Robbers Cave study) illustrates both how easily out-group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can be used to unite formerly antagonistic groups.

is when the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end.

on the other hand, has no such clear purpose.

suggest that the expression of aggression is adaptive under certain circumstances.

One of the most influential theories, however, is known as the

Helping behavior is termed

the conditions under which people nearby are more and less likely to help someone in trouble.

the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene.

The larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help.

Another factor contributing to the bystander effect is known as

A term often employed as part of liking and loving studies is

Social psychologists also study what factors increase the chance that people will like one another.

This phenomenon, that the presence of others improves task performance, is known as

When the task being observed was a difficult one rather than a simple, well-practiced skill, being watched by others actually hurt performance, a finding known as

has been an area of much research as well.

(1951) conducted one of the most interesting conformity experiments.

All groups have _, rules about how group members should act.

Within groups is often a set of specific

is the phenomenon when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone.

is the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually.

a term coined by Irving Janis, describes the tendency for some groups to make bad decisions.

This loss of self-restraint occurs when group members feel anonymous and aroused, and this phenomenon is known as

One famous experiment that showed not only how such conditions can cause people to deindividuation but also the effect of roles and the situation in general