COMM 345 - TAMU - Rold - Exam 2

• for elite people (political people)

• More mass-produced/broader audience • Cheaper • Written for lower literacy levels • Fewer “serious” stories (political material) • More human interest stories (crime, love)

Individual goods, marketed based on merit of each good

EX: A movie, a album, a single, a book

Make money: individual transactions

steady flow of regularly new/refreshed content

EX: radio show, TV station, newspaper, magazine

Make money: subscription

• Buy a script/book rights

• Buy a game prototype

• Buy rights to make a book a movie

• Rent a studio

• Paying Actors in Advance

• Pilot episode

• Salaries

• Sets

• insurance

• printed items, DVDs, Games, etc shipped to stores

• promoting media (TV ads, magazine ads, etc.)

costs to keep the business running (rent, salaries, furniture, lots, etc.)

• They pitch the idea to in investor and the investor chooses how much to fund (most or all)

• Investor usually make his money back + 20%

1. Developer pitches game by bringing in prototype

2. Gaming company says yes and pays $

3. Developer makes game

4. Gaming company get % of each game sold (usually about 30%) 5.Developer splits rest with stores that sell (if not a digital download)

Deficit Financing

1. Producer pitches idea

2. Station says yes & pays producer

3. Producer writes and pitches script

4. Station says yes

5. Producer make pilot epidsode

6. Station says yes and funds 60% - 70% of production costs

7. Station gets to run show forever

8. Producer owns show and can sell it wherever (netflix, hulu, etc)

9. Producer makes $$$

Because:

1. you can only play with other gamers that have the same console

2. you can only play x games with x console

3. not all games are available for all consoles (closed system, developer must obtain licensing)

To get as many consoles in homes as possible, game sales will follow

Getting the 30% share on each video game sold (digitally or physically) & subscriptions

• The characters use items or wear branded clothing

• The characters can be mascots from companies (kool-aid man, dominoes weird guy, etc)

$20 million

1. games that developers believe will be sure-fire hits even before release

2. can cost hundreds of millions

Usually costs more because of licensing fees for people or brands (Madden)

1. Producer pitches idea

2. Station says yes & pays producer

3. Producer writes and pitches script

4. Station Says yes

5. Producer makes pilot episode

6. Station says yes and funds

!!!!Success Rate: 20%!!!!!

1. The Network agrees to put 70% of the money forth because they like the script and pilot episode

2. After the original studio waits for the licensing agreement to go out, they make the money back in downstream revenue

(1 mega-hit can cover 5 - 6 bombs)

Studios sell the license to the TV show Secondary markets (international TV, amazon, netflix, hulu, merchandise, etc.) ****(syndication or reruns) ****

The actual people who show up to a move, subscribe to a newspaper, or buy the new album or song

is the audience--its characteristics, likes, and dislikes- imagined by creators and those throughout the industry while making media.

*helps them make decisions about how to make the show, what to include/disclude

TV Streamer sells you a subscription and then sells ads to an advertiser

He claims most media was already free • “Mass” media was supposed to be cheap so more people could enjoy it.

Cable TV was in more homes • if you wanted cable you pretty much had it in the 90s

It was a “better” broadcasting • Fewer fuzzy images • More “sophisticated” material (sexual situations, more complicated characters/plots) • Material you wouldn’t normally see on broadcast TV

1. TV and Internet (via phone cable - dial-up) used to be free & not a lot of ads

2. Changed to a subscription model

3. Internet became dual revenue stream

4. TV Not as reliant on advertising

They advertised their service in particular ways:

• Promised broadband was faster • Bundling became a thing (Internet, phone, cable at discounted price)

Technology will help bring about the ideal human society and existence on earth

Technology will create a society where machines and computers have dominion over humans

• Our “cultural uses” determine the influence technology has over us

• Technology as an “inert force” shaped by other more powerful forces

technology controls the people and societies that use them, not the other way around

The attributes and characteristics of a product a company focuses on when trying to sell it.

Attributes, characteristics, purposes associated with a product

(google glass's were associated with being ugly)

The cultural impact of a product can be influenced by... • Where it’s made • How it’s made (labor laws)

How do consumers use the technology?

how we decide to consume it based on whats important with us

Those enforced by the government and the self-regulations enforced by the company. (laws and standards)

When newer media has an effect on the presentation of older media • TV on Newspapers • Video games on TV (sport video games had cool camera angles so they started filming football games that way)

Particular roles of individual workers in media industries and the day-to-day routines in which they participate

*****above the line, pay them up front (actors, directors)

******(pay them by the job, construction, caterers)

studios controlled creative production by keeping all film production personnel--actors, directors, writers, and much other talent- under long-term (typically seven-year) contracts that controlled every aspect of working in film. (vertical)

few established actors and directors are seen as indispensable to creating a hit movie (studio contracts actors)

• agents became larger****

Person who holds the guiding creative vision

• Creators often negotiate their power with the networks, studios, or editors that enable them to distribute their message

• Creators make myriad negotiations between their visions and the economics of their projects

Track record, past earnings, etc.

• development and programming _______________ (TV)

• record ____________ (music industry)

• Co-Chair/CEO

• Managing Editors

evaluate creative products and provide assessments before they are finalized

I.E.

• maintain network policies about content

• make sure content being produced will not result in legal action

• will let entertainer know what can and cannot be shown on the air*****

those selected to be apart of nationwide sample of viewers from which the viewing of all audiences is extrapolated

!!!!!!Problems: sample size was way too small and didn't account for when we started having multiple TVs in the homes

• diaries viewers documented in what they watched

• Instantaneous Audimenter (kept track of what channels you watched and when

• People Meeter (same as before but now you had to choose which family member was watching with the click of the remote)

• Local People meters (same as before but now accessable to local TV Stations

Any research conducted by a media industry before or during a product’s development

e.g. Kickstarter, allows artists to exclude industry execs and reach a more niche audience

Digitization has also allowed for greater outsourcing of media jobs (overseas employment)

working practices where workers are re-employed on a casual or short-term basis (hired only for a project) (crunch time)

Blockbuster

licensing agreement with STARZ network

• it created another outlet for licensing of TV shows

• gave TV data because it was digital (easier to track and more in-depth)

• it relied on the traditional media channels (TV) to stay alive

• it did not possess the same characteristics as media

--

• passive program watching****

• it's not user generated

• it's not social

• it's not free

producer, distributor, aggreator, consumer

They buy from the producer and distribute to the Aggregator

• mostly invisible middle men/unsung hero

• large companies will have their own distribution center

Places & Digital Platforms where consumers go to purchase or rent media

Lionsgate, etc

distribute media - sell it to/make deals with aggregators

Best Buy, Walmart, Netflix, Disney + (or online platform) apple, spotify

to push and place the content they believe the consumers want to see and how the customers want to see it

organizing products in a way to make it easier for the consumer to find and consume

• better experience, more time spent consuming because it's enjoyable

So people can make a choice easier, and then stroll around pleased of their experience, more likely to buy other items

• better experience, more time spent consuming because it's enjoyable

1. Publisher sets a recommended retail price for a product

2. publisher sells at wholesale price (50%)

3. Retailer charges what they choose

1. Publisher determines a retail price for a product

2. Publisher makes deal with aggregator (apple) to sell product at retail price

3. Aggregator makes agreement with publisher to keep a certain percentage of each sale (30% in apple’s case)

Predictable: distributors have control over what the consumer can choose from (distributing with US networks)

Complex: consumer has control over what they can choose (now adding in so many distributors (ie Netflix) and international distributors)

aggregators and distributors make deliberate selections on based on what the aggregator thinks the consumer wants

overstocking, differential promotion, windowing

(the way they place things in the store)

niche aggregators (CNN & FOX) they choose a target audience and use links from websites that fit the target audience

buy way more product than they need in case it is a mega hit

showering praise, attention, and money on only a small fraction of he products acquired

music distribution co. gave money, drugs, and prostitutes to popular DJs to play their music

distributor will release film to a small amount of theatres to see how it does (with little to no marketing $) and will only release and promote more if it does well

releasing new products on a staggered schedule

(usually released in small theatres first)

distribution channels that occur eralier in time

i.e. first run theatres (first time you can see it)

distribution channels that occur later in time

i.e. when it airs on like FX channel 8 months later

allowing consumers to access a media product on a platform at any time

people would pirate parts of movies and TV shows and then upload them to youtube, and because it was free, and pausable, fast forwarding, etc. it was a hit

because audio files are much smaller than video and back then gigabytes where a lot of storage

because they could upload the video and if caught (by the studio), take it down in a timely manner with no consequences

the professionally produced content was not doing as well as the self-made content

This created the focus and monetization of youtube stars, everyday people.

each person had their own channel and produced their own content