History chapter 16 and 17 vocab

beginning in the late 1700s, a period in which mechanical power replaced muscle power for the production of goods

the amount of goods or services that result for each unit of required resources used (output per unit of input)

parts that can be swapped for one another in the assembling of a product, because they have been precisely cut and shaped to be identical

a relatively inexpensive method for converting iron to steel by using a blast of air to remove carbon from molten iron

a pre-industrial system of manufacturing in which workers crafted products in their homes using raw materials supplied by merchants

an industrial system of manufacturing in which workers, raw materials, and machinery are gathered under the same roof

the high-volume, low-cost manufacture of identical items through the use of specialization and interchangeable parts

the repossession and fencing-in by landowners of formerly common lands, often for the purpose of commercial farming

an economic system, based on the premise of self-interest, in which all resources are privately owned and markets determine how those resources are distributed

complete control by one firm of the production and/or the supply of a good

the process of turning a rural area or village into a town or city

an organization formed by workers to represent them in negotiations with employers concerning employment issues

an agreement among workers to stop working in order to force an employer to improve wages, hours, benefits, or working conditions

a policy in which a state takes political and economic control of areas beyond its borders

based on prejudices related to racial differences

an area within which the political and economic interests of one nation are more important than those of other nations

indirect social, political, or economic influence exerted by a dominant state

divide a region into separate political units

the tools, machines, and buildings used to produce goods and services

a U.S. foreign policy focused on keeping European powers from controlling any Latin American nation

an extension of the Monroe Doctrine declaring that the United States would police unstable Latin American debtor nations; also known as the Big Stick Policy

large-scale transportation, communication, and other systems that support economic activity