plant diversity exam 1

the science of classifying and naming plants

identification, nomenclature, classification

1. Inventory of Earth’s Biota

2. Identification and Communication: Nomenclature

3. Orderly, Logical Sequence of Classification

4. Demonstrate Evolutionary Implications of Biodiversity

• descriptive, colorful

• easy to remember

• only names for most people

• one species can have many common names

• one common name = same for more than one species

• names can be confusing

• most plants dont have a common name

• all species need names

• uniform system on naming = avoid confusion

• facilitates information - retrieval

carolus linnaeus

• species: binomial name (Genus and epithet)

• duplicate name

• discovered by two different people around the same time

• every species name must be linked to a herbarium specimen

• type species sets “the standard” of the species = holotype

• find a binomial not taken (Genus + epithet)

• make type specimen and deposit at herbarium

• latin / english description of new species

• publish in journal or visible paper product

• THIS MAKES IT VALID not directly accepted

• descriptive term

• label that associates species w a certain group

• scientific: species name + authority

the name of the person or persons who provided the binomial for the species

• put OG authority into parenthesis

1. name based on nomenclatural types (genus type etc)

2. only one accepted name for a taxonomic group

3. names must be treated as latin but a lot of latitude

4. nomenclature based on rule priority

5. independant from zoological nomenclature

1st published binomial for a species in a genus is the accepted name ( start 1753 )

• habitat is an essential character to naming (essentialism)

• logical, efficient, easy, but rigid

• theophrastus - 372-287 BC

• herbalists-physicians - alphabetical or medicinal property for classification 15-16 centuries

• 1580-1800

• lots of new plants coming in

• Andrea Caesalpino

  • focus on flowers and fruits (reproductive parts)

• John Ray

  • all parts of plant shoudl be used to classify

  • dicots and monocots

• Pierre Magnol

  • families

• Carolus Linnaeus

  • created the sexual system

• carolus linnaeus

• workable “natural” classification system

• backward step to artificial

• Species Plantarum (systema sexuale)

  • classification based on reproductive features

  • selective and features chosen a priori simply on workability

• arranged as systema sexuale

• 1st level: number of stamens

• 2nd level: number of pistils

• intense criticism ( johan siegesbeck )

• more concerned w mechanics (usable, predictable…) = lots of issues

• considered backwards bc it was artificial (mechanics of reproductive parts?)

• an advancement bc focused on reproductive parts

• linnaeus did good w cataloging but unrelated plants were being grouped

• taxonomist reconsidered purpose of classification = look at older natural ideas

• de Jussieu family created most complete natural classification

  • natural system came from taxonomic gardens

  • replanting @ Trianon Garden by grouping most similar looking

  • published Genera Plaantarum

• 1859 to publication of Origin of Species

• to darwin natural meant that two species looked similar because they shared a features from a common ancestor

  • must include: genealogy + amount of change (similarity)

  • descent w modification = evolution

  • “common ancestry is a fact - the outcome is a phylogenetic tree

• Ernst Haeckle publish the first TREE OF LIFE

• 1915 their system had phylogenetic flavor w simple plants listed first then more complex plants

• standard in the early 20th century

• simple (salix) = primitive

  • amentiderae = primitive

• classification of angiosperms w ideas on ancestral vs derived characters

  • looked at the ancestral vs derived state of many pllant characteristics

  • bessey’s dicta = basis of his system

    • formed the basis for all subsequent modern systems

1. floral parts -

   1. all present (ancestral state)

   2. loss of parts (derived state)

2. Floral fusion

   1. parts separate

   2. parts fused

3. floral symmetry

   1. actinomorphy

   2. zygomorphy

4. ovary position

   1. hypogynous

   2. epigynous

• AGP (angiosperm phylogeny group) uses DNA to establish relationships and morphology to ID groups

• goal of groups is to include common ancestor and descents

• extant individual in a population

• inferred ancestors

• unique history of linages

• overall branching pattern of tree

• a group of tips w node (common ancestor) and all of the descents

• for all generas/families/orders etc to be monophyletic

• tips or clades that share a common ancestor that is not shared by others

• a trait derived from the most recent common ancestor of a clade and shared by all taxa in the clade

• some but not all descendants of a common ancestor are included

• need revision

• species derived from more than one ancestor

• need revision

• desiccation

• UV radiation

• temperature fluctuation

• novel pathogens

• pressure change

develop a symbiotic relationship

• symbiosis between plant roots and fungi

• represents ancestral state for land plants

• mycorrhizae: between plant roots and fungi

  • help obtain nutrients in roots from the soil

  • help with water uptake

• bacteria:

  • nitrogen fixing

  • alter soil temp. and moisture = impact heterotrophic respiration

• non-vascular: lack true vascular tissue = xylem and phloem

• Bryophytes don’t have vascular tissues ( xylem ) to help them transport water ( get thru leaves instead)

• hydroids: water and mineral conducting specialized cells

• leptoids: sugar-conducting specialize cells

no, vascular system and waxy cuticle prevent it.

• since bryophytes do not have a structure to keep and transport water, they must live near water so they can use it when they need it

1. haploid produces antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) bits.

   1. these produce gametes via mitosis

2. two come together = fertilization of ovum via biflagellate sperm

3. fertilization results in diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte

   1. sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte

4. sporophytes produce haploid spores through meiosis

5. spores disperse and germinate into a protonema (baby gametophyte)

• the body

• the tips w them sporangium capsules

• the hornworts

• lack seta

• simple thallus

• lack gemmae

• lack water conducting cells

• stomata on both gametophyte and sporophyte (don’t close)

• 215 species

• plant body lacking roots, stems, or leaves

  • complex thallus: containing multiple strata, with marked differentiation of tissues

  • simple thallu: undifferentiated thallus

• terete and bearing leaf-like appendages

• filamentous structures that anchor the plant

  • can be used in some species for water uptake via capillary action

• water conducting cells. not in hornworts

• sugar conducting cells

• only in moss family polytrichaceae

• contains sporangium (produces spores)

• in mosses, the lid that blocks the capsule mouth

• a little hat (absent in hornworts)

• sporophyte stalk

• absent in hornworts

• the liveworts

• nicholas marchant

• gametophyte thalloid or leafy

• lack stomata

• 7300 species

• noble taxa = marchantia = very common = model system

• the mosses

• gametophyte a leafy shoot

• stomata on sporophyte capsule

• complex sporophyte capsule

• Acrocarpous

  • upright w terminal sporangia (all upright)

  • unbranched

• Pleurocarpous

  • produce their sporangia on short lateral branches or buds

  • prostrate - forming freely branches mats (sporophytes upright rest sideways)

• complex sporophyte capsule

  • peristome = a ring of teeth surrounding the mouth of the capsule (teeth move in response to changes in humidity)

• Major component of peatlands

  • fuel producation // horticulture

  • 3% of global land surface

  • peatlands = contain up to 44% of all soil carbon

• big boys

• tallest self-supporting bryophhyte

• first seedless plant to have genome sequenced

• model system for evolution / genomics

• Ulota

• Macromitrium

• one kind of spore is produced

• different spores are produced

• give rise to male gametophytes

• give rise to the female gametophytes

• complex leaves with branches veins

• small, simple, one veined leaves

• vernation is the arrangement of folded leaves in a bud, forming a crozier or fiddlehead

• falp-like structure that protects the sorus

• Sporangia borne on the margin or the lower surface of the leaf

• the sperm cell has two nuclei - one fertilizes the ovule, the other fertilizes two polar nuclei

• a type of water-conducting cell in xylem which lacks perforations in the cell wall

• a whorl arrangement of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels that radiate from a single point and wrap around the stem/stalk

• an enclosure in which spores are formed

• a reproductive system of gymnosperms

• hold the sporangia that produce the spores

• cone like structure (kinda light brown / orange)

• cylindrical // rounded

• laying down

• branching by forking in airs, can be irregular or equal

• the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations

• a diploid phase in the life cycle

• MEIOSIS produces spores diploid

• stage of sexual reproduction process that produces HAPLOID gametes

• MITOSIS produces egg and sperm haploid

• male sex organs

• diploid side

• female sex organs

• diploid

• leaves are opposite and alternate

• leaves on flower plant = leaves on non-flowering plant

• plant organs that appear in two distinct forms or shapes on the same plant or in closely related species

• a protective covering on the lower part of the stem

• leafy part

• carbonniferous period

• very wet period

• water needed for fertilization of lycopod gametophytes

• they had no protective coating

• the origin and rise of angiosperms

jurassic / early cretaceous

yes relatively recent