nsci 2101 exam 1 lec 2

cells

• grow

• reproduce

• continue living

isolates cells’ chemical reactions from the outside world to allow conditions for life to be maintained. essentially separates alive from not alive

• sodium

• potassium

• calcium

• neurons

• glia

• vascular cells (blood vessels + blood)

dendrites, cell body, axon/myelin sheath, axon terminal

receive synapses from axon terminals, can be 10s to 100s of micrometers, look like branches

contains cell nucleus, synthesizes macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein) and organelles and helps integrate/process electrical activity, can be roughly 5-100 micrometers

true

carry the nerve impulse (AP) away from cell soma, myelin speeds up conduction of impulses and functions like insulation, can be meters long

release neurotransmitters onto other neurons at synapses, where the neurons talk to eachother. can be 0.1-20 micrometers in diameter

a neuron going from your head to your toe, can be 1.5 meters long

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma

shapes and sizes

dendrites

• local, slow modulation of neuronal activity, not rapid, not over long distances like neurons

• create myelin around axons

• scavenge dead cells

• line ventricles

axons

glia that produce myelin in the central nervous system

glia that produce myelin in the central nervous system and have multiple branches, unlike Schwann cells

glia that form an immune system in the CNS and do cleanup work like blood cells

glia that line ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid

• parts are enclosed by bone, either the skull or vertebrae

• separated into areas of gray matter and white matter

• includes the brain and spinal cord and several types of neurons (motor neurons, interneurons, local interneurons)

• parts are mainly found outside the skull and vertebrae

• composed of an assortment of nerves that reach every part of the head and body

• includes sensory neurons and motoneurons

• glia include Schwann cells

• includes autonomic nervous system

  • Sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight)

  • Parasympathetic nervous system (rest/digest)

  • Enteric nervous system (in gut)

    • Release secretions that allow food to be digested

• Purpose:

  • Collect sensory information

  • Deliver messages to body parts or to peripheral neurons in the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., enteric nervous system)

tracts

• nuclei

• cortical layers

• ganglia

• nerves

contains neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

contains axons and is white because of myelin

deliver information to the CNS. Cell bodies live in the PNS, but processes extend through both the PNS and the CNS

cell bodies in the CNS and axons that travel through the PNS to reach skeletal muscle

cerebrum (forebrain), cerebellum, and brainstem

made up of two cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

outer layer that lays on top of the cerebrum. responsible for perception, cognition, memory, voluntary movement

part of the basal ganglia: initiation of movement and thought

part of the basal ganglia: initiation of thought

part of the limbic system: drives and emotions

another name for the thalamus and hypothalamus together

relay station for info to the cerebral cortex

controls autonomic nervous system

contains midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

towards the back

towards the belly

front

up

down

back

towards the beak

towards the tail

coronal, horizontal/axial, parasagittal

Perpendicular to the horizontal and parasagittal planes and to the ground. Also known as the frontal plane.

A plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves. It is perpendicular to the vertical plane and parallel to the ground.

This plane divides the body into left and right halves, but not necessarily equal halves. It is parallel to the midline of the body.

Part of the brainstem responsible for vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation. contains the inferior pontine sulcus, medulla, and spinal cord

Part of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It plays a crucial role in relaying signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, as well as controlling various autonomic functions like breathing, sleeping, and facial movements.

Part of the brain responsible for coordination, balance, and fine motor skills. Located at the back of the brain, it helps with smooth movements and maintaining posture.

small region of the brain located between the forebrain and hindbrain. It plays a crucial role in relaying sensory and motor information, regulating sleep and wakefulness, and coordinating visual and auditory reflexes.

Part of the brain that acts as a relay center, connecting different regions. It includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, regulating functions like sleep, hunger, and body temperature.

The part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as language, memory, and decision-making. It is the largest region of the brain and is composed of two hemispheres, the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

prominent groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. It plays a crucial role in language processing and houses important structures such as the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area.

Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain

Ridges on the brain's surface, increasing surface area for cognitive functions.

A groove or furrow on the surface of the brain, often separating different regions.

functionally important and distinct brain regions