Biology Final (Scientific Literacy, Ecology, Energy)

-respond to environment

-grow and develop

-reproduction

-maintain homeostasis or keeping things constant

-complex chemistry

-cells

It means to detect changes in an environment. For example: stepping on a turtle (the turtle will move)

Producing offspring, asexually (an exact copy of organism) or sexually (different)

keeping things relatively stable on the inside regardless of the conditions around them

For example: humans maintain a stable internal body temperature

Consisting of large, complex molecules and undergo many complicated chemical changes to stay alive

For example: metabolism

The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

slow population growth due to low number of individuals to mate

plenty of resources and mates lead to rapid growth

the maximum number of of individuals an ecosystem can hold

a relationship between two organism where one is benefitted and one is harmed

a relationship between two organisms where one is benefitted and the other is not harmed nor benefitted

a relationship between two organisms where both are benefitted

-quaternary consumers (carnivores)

-tertiary consumers (carnivores)

-secondary consumers (carnivores)

-primary consumers (herbivores)

-primary producers (plants)

one species will naturally be better suited to a niche and the other will adapt to occupy a slightly different niche

One species will naturally be better suited to a niche and cause the other species to decline and go extinct

A species that has a huge effect on the biodiversity of its ecosystem

10%

• Homeostasis (breathing)

• Moving

• Dying

Input of solar energy and the planet’s movement in space

They receive sunlight more directly

Ascending moist air releases moisture doldrums. The sun makes all the water evaporate and that causes heavy rainfall.

The dry air goes away from the equator created dry deserts. They are found away from the equator.

Temperature and precipitation

• desert

• Tropical rainforest

• Taiga

• Deciduous forest

• Savana

• Grassland

• Arctic tundra

• Alpine tundra

• Chaparral

• compete for different food sources

• Forage at different times

• Forage in different areas

happens when keystone species have an indirect impact has a positive influence on organisms for outside of its own food chain.

For example: Wolves positively affect elk, grass, trees, birds, beavers, and more

The four macromolecules

• carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

• Lipids

Provides the body with glucose

Stores energy

energy source, genes, dna

Process where plants transform light energy and reactants into chemical energy that can be sued to do work

Something organisms use to obtain chemical energy needed

Cellular respiration using oxygen

Cellular respiration without oxygen

6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP

1. light (kinetic)

2. electrons (chemical)

3. proton gradient (potential)

4. moving protons (kinetic)

5. ATP (chemical)

It will be used in the calvin cycle (LIR)

Stroma

UV rays from the sun hit the pigments in photosystem 2 which causes water to split.

The electrons are energized by light energy from the sun

Electrons are captured by electron carries

Electrons are passed from acceptor to acceptor like a relay race. As this occurs, the electrons are loosing energy

The energy from the electrons is used to pull H+ from the stroma into the lumen.

a proton gradient is created in the lumen

The protons are under enormous pressure to esacpe

The protons escape by rapidly moving through the enzyme ATP synthase

The enzyme that makes ATP

The moving protons are used to spin the turbine in ATP synthase

The spinning turbine is used to add a phosphate to ADP, making ATP

The electrons are received by photosystem 1 where they are re-energized by light

Newly energized electrons are passed along 3 electron carries and then loaded onto NADP+ to make NADPH

Now the ATP and NADPH will carry usable energy from the thylakoid to the stroma to be used in the calvin cycle

5C sugar is combined with CO2 by the enzyme RuBisCo to produce a 6C sugar, which is very unstable

The 6c sugars breaks into two 3c units

The energy from ATP and the electrons from NADPH are then used to rearrange 3c units

The carbon reorganizer is a series of reactions that reforms the 5c sugars and sets aside 1 carbon to be used in glucose

The cycle must occur 6 times to produce glucose

To convert energy stored in glucose C6H12O6 to energy in the form of ATP

Glycolysis (no oxygen needed)

cytoplasm

Splits glucose into 2 pyruvates

the kreb cycle

Matrix of mitochondria

Pyruvate’s broken down to acquire electrons

Electron transport chain

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

Oxygen

28 ATP

Amount of drug Y

Manipulated

Responding

Sun

Intraspecies Competition

Kinetic

Potential

chemical

Exergonic

ATP

ATP and NADPH

Thylakoid

Pigments and chlorophyll

Energized electrons