Chapter 5: Foundations: History

a question that considers treatment options for someone addicted to drugs deals with the

a question that deals with relationships between drug users and their families

A question that concerns the effect of drugs on behavior

emphasizes the need to investigate the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors as contributing to a behavior or a mental process.

draws upon the theories of Darwin.

According to this approach, cultural values vary from society to society and must be taken into account if one wishes to understand, predict, or control behavior.

those mental processes that we do not normally have access to but that still influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

a mental state of awareness that we have ready access to

stressed the role of unconditional positive regard in interactions and the need for a positive self-concept as critical factors in attaining self-actualization.

proposed the idea of self-actualization, the need for individuals to reach their full potential in a creative way.

first identified by Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), was one of the behaviorists’ most important early findings.

posits that psychology is the study of observable behavior.

An American psychologist, opposed the structuralist approach.

is the belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy.

Believed that the idea of a soul or spirit, or even of a mind, is meaningless.

refers to the sensations, memories, motives, emotions, thoughts, and other subjective phenomena particular to an individual or animal that are not readily observed.

was the first female graduate student in psychology, although she was denied a PhD because of her gender.

is known as materialism, which is the belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy.

is the study of behavior and the mind.

his assistant Rosalie Rayner applied classical conditioning to humans in the famed Little Albert experiment: they made loud sounds behind a 9- month- old whenever he would touch something white and furry, and voila: he was afraid of everything white and furry afterwards.

believed that humans were the exception to this rule because they possess minds.

was not only the first female PhD in psychology, she also served as the second female president of the American Psychological Association (APA), an organization formed in 1892.

was trained in physiology and hoped to apply the methods that he used to study the body to the study of the mind.

James, heavily influenced by ________, believed that the important thing to understand is how the mind fulfills its purpose.

suggests that all people are born with no pre- existing mental content or knowledge and that knowledge is acquired through experience.

The ________ speculations on the nature of the mind heavily influenced the pre- history of psychology as a science.

stressed the role of unconditional positive regard in interactions and the need for a positive self- concept as critical factors in attaining self- actualization.

proposed a theory of natural selection, according to which all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time.

proposed the idea of self- actualization, the need for individuals to reach their full potential in a creative way.

was crucial in advocating for the rights of mentally ill poor people, and she was instrumental in founding the first public mental hospital in the United States.

drew a distinction between the conscious mind- a mental state of awareness that we have ready access to- and the unconscious mind- those mental processes that we do not normally have access to but that still influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

________ can best be explained in terms of how adaptive that ________ is to our survival.

is a theme that recurs often in early psychology, but the distinction between body and spirit prefigures current debates around the difference between the brain (that is, the command center of the central nervous system) and the mind (that is, the sensations, memories, emotions, thoughts, and other subjective experiences of a particular individual)

first identified by Ivan Pavlov (1849- 1936), was one of the behaviorists most important early findings.

affected psychology by providing a way to explain differences between species and justifying the use of animals as a means to study the roots of human behavior.

It is the idea that everyone is a "________ "upon entering the world and that their beliefs, attitudes, and perspectives are shaped by the environment and the experiences that they have.

developed a theory of human behavior known as psychoanalytic theory.

through the development of his Skinner Box, described operant conditioning, in which a subject learns to associate a behavior with an environmental outcome.

divides the world and all things in it into two parts: body and spirit.

________ was concerned with individuals and their mental problems.

body and spirit

proposed a theory of natural selection, according to which all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time

affected psychology by providing a way to explain differences between species and justifying the use of animals as a means to study the roots of human behavior

a natural process subject to natural laws, refers to the observable actions of a person or an animal.

extended Descartes’s application of natural laws to all things, believing that even the mind is under the control of such laws.

Latin for “blank slate”

was a student in Wundt’s laboratory and was one of the first to bring the science of psychology to the United States.

entails looking for patterns in thought, which are illuminated through interviews with a subject describing his or her conscious experience.

is the field of psychology that seeks to understand the interactions between anatomy and physiology (particularly, the physiology of the nervous system) and behavior.

is the field of psychology that explores how particular behaviors may be attributed to specific, genetically based psychological characteristics.

is an approach rooted in the idea that to understand people’s behavior, we must first understand how they construe their environment—in other words, how they think.

is rooted in the philosophical tradition of studying the roles of consciousness, free will, and awareness of the human condition.

means accepting yourself and your nature, while knowing your limits and strengths.