Studied by 100 peopleCyrus the Great
Persian ruler and conquerer
Favorable treatment for favorable treatment in return
Strategy used by Cyrus the Great
left local leaders in power; allowed for religious freedom; Freed captive Jews and allowed them to return to Israel
Examples of Cyrus’s strategy
dependency and trust in public; seen as a “weak” leader
downsides to Cyrus’s strategy
Brings Persian empire to greatest size; organizes land into provinces (appoints own governors) ; royal road construction
Darius’s accomplishments
fear-based traditional ruling
strategy used by Darius
Royal Road
a road in Persia used to transport items and news
Zoroastrianism
Persian religion; good vs evil; good will ultimately prevail
Tax dispute leads to war between Persia & Greek city-states
Why the Persian empire declined
mountains and water separating areas
geographical reasons for independent city-states
agora
name for a public meeting place in Greece
acropolis
word meaning “built on a hill”
barbarians
non-greek speakers
Hoplites
non-aristocratic warriors that are highly skilled in combat
tyrant
someone who seized power in defiance of law, but ruled with the people’s support
popular government
government ruled by the people in Greece
democracy
later government given rise by popular government
Athens aids rebellious Greek city-states
Why Darius attacks Athens
The Persian Wars
500 BC-479 BC; Persia conquering Greece
Athens; they knew their land
who won the Battle of Marathon and why?
cold war
10 years of tense peace
invade Greece from north with 100,000 men
What Xerxes does after 10 years of cold war
Battle of Thermopylae
2nd Battle during Persian war; during the Greek festivals
King Leonidas
most famous military king in Spartan history; at the Battle of Thermopylae
narrow mountain pass
battle site of Battle of Thermopylae
moral victory
losing but accomplishing said goal
Themistocles
this Athenian leader sent a fake traitor to the Persians
Delian League
alliance of 140 Greek city-states
The Athenian Contradiction
Athens unfairly ruling the Delian League
Peloponnesian War
Greek civil war; Athens vs Sparta
Battle of Salamis Strait
fake traitor alerts Persia of Greek position; last major battle
Alexander the Great
son of Philip II; raised Greek; never lost a battle
drinking contaminated water
how Alexander the Great died
Hellenistic Age
the time between Alexander & the rise of the Roman Empire
largely responsible for the spread of Greek culture
importance of Alexander the Great
Hellenism
Alexander’s empire caused the spread of this; Greek-culture related
Darius
persian ruler at start of the Persian wars
xerxes
persian leader at end of Persian wars
polis
greek term for city-state
Zoroaster
Persian prophet; Greek name
aristocracy
government ruled by nobles
education; battle
Athens valued __ while Sparta valued__
Language, founders of Rome
Latin influence on Rome
Religion, Architecture, Government
Greek influence on Rome
art style, road building techniques, alphabet
Etruscan influence on Rome
Consul
1 year terms, commander in chief, veto power over other one, appoint dictators
Censor
18-month terms, 2 people, census takers, supervise moral conduct
Consuls, censors, aediles, quaestors
roles that are in the executive branch
Aedile
public works, public entertainment, Julius Caesar’s first job, 4 in total
Quaestor
treasurers, 20 in total
Senate, Popular assemblies, Tribunes
roles that are in the legislative branch
Senate
300 members, composed of patricians, controlled public funds, controlled foreign policy, appoint dictators
Popular Assemblies
several different assemblies, composed largely of plebeians, passed laws, declared war/peace, elected tribunes
Plebeians
non-aristocrats
Tribune
10 elected by popular assemblies, veto power over senate and officials, most targeted
just Praetors
roles in Judicial branch(that we covered)
Praetor
similar to lawyers, different roles between wartime and peace
commanded armies
what praetors did during war
oversaw legal system, interpreted legal questions and rulings
what praetors did during peace
Dictator
one person with all the power, 6-month terms in emergency, given full military and judicial power, appointed by senate or consuls
Decisions will be decided quickly in times of need
Why were dictators appointed?
Dictators would change term length and overthrow the people
Why were dictators dangerous?
Checks and balances
the separation of power between groups or people
Patricians
aristocrats (nobles); controlled gov & legal system
Plebeians not knowing the laws
biggest problem for the plebeians in the Republic
The Twelve Tables
the Roman law being displayed for the first time
veto
word meaning “I forbid”
The Punic Wars
3 major periods of war, not constant fighting
Carthage
ancient city that went to war with Rome during the Punic Wars
Hannibal Barca
Carthaginian general in 2nd Punic war, never loses a battle in Italy
Scipio
2nd Punic war general
murder of the Gracchi brothers
political turning point of Rome
Julius Caesar
a Roman general and politician who named himself dictator of the Roman Empire
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar
First Triumvirate
Pompey
First Triumvirate member that Caesar killed
Antony, Octavian, Marcus Lepidus
Second Triumvirate
Augustus Caesar
First emperor of Rome
Caligula, Nero
“Bad emperors” of Rome
Trajan
good emperor that took Rome to its greatest size
Hadrian
good emperor that built wall around land
Marcus Aurelius
good emperor who was a philosopher/writer; stoicism
Pax Romana
Roman peace; time of order and stability in Rome
Succession right was never clearly defined
Succession problem in Rome
Diocletian
emperor that divides empire into eastern + western hemispheres, each with co-emperor
Constantine
Emperor that move capital to Constantinople and decriminalized Christianity
Rome is conquered by several Germanic tribes
Fall of Rome
Era of the Warring States
time of internal and external problems in China
Qin Shi Huangdi
First emperor of China, brutal and narcissistic, standardized China
Terracotta army
a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Shi Huangdi in his tomb
Great Wall
project issued by Shi Huangdi; became iconic to China
Liu Bang
led revolt that put end to Qin Dynasty, first Han emperor
Wu Di
most famous Han Emperor; ruled during Pax Sinica
Pax Sinica
time of peace and stability in China
Civil Service System
skill-based government based upon an exam; chance for social mobility
education
the Civil Service system brought the value of ___ into Chinese culture
Silk Road
7,000 mile trade route that spread all over Asia and Rome
Confucius
philosopher that taught about filial piety and 5 relationships
the Analects
a compilation of teachings made by Confucius
filial piety
kids dedicate devotion to parents
ruler-subject, father-son, sibling-sibling, husband-wife, neighbor-neighbor
five relationships
Note
Flashcard