Anatomy and physiology exam 1

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

study of structures visible to the naked eye

thin slices of tissue, typically stained, to be visualized under a microscope

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Smooth Muscle cell, Smooth Muscle tissue, tissue

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscle, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, Reproductive

protects

synthesizes vitamins

houses pain, pressure and other receptors

Skin, hair, nails

protects and supports

storage

production of blood

bones & joints

skeletal muscles,

manipulation of environment

locomotion

posture

produces heat

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

responds to internal and external changes

activates muscles and glands

Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testies

secretion of hormones that regulate various process (growth, reproduction, metabolism)

Heart, blood vessels

movement of blood which carries survival needs (oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, wastes)

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic tissues, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

initiates immune response (houses WBC)

disposes of debris

supplier of oxygen to the blood and removal of carbon dioxide

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronches

breaks down food to allow for absorption of nutrients

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

eliminates nitrogenous waste from body

maintains blood balance (water, electrolytes, ect)

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

production of offspring

Mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina

prostate gland, penis, testes, ductus deferens, scrotum

Maintaining boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

Separate our internal environment from our external environment & compartmentalizing in body ex. organs

Body movement & movement of fluids such as blood or food through the body systems, driven by muscle

ability to respond to stimulus, such as bug landing on arm

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food to consume and obtain nutrients

How are body creates energy from nutrients

removing products we are unable to digest or absorb and metabolize

urinary and rectum

cell division

Ex. cells regrowing after arm being cut

growing and developing from birth, not only in skeletal, organs also need to grow

Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive,

Organ systems are designed to service the cells,

All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

water, oxygen, food, functioning nervous system

The bodies ability to maintain its internal environment while its external environment is always changing.

Body must constantly be monitored and regulated

monitors environment and responds to stimuli

determines set point at which variable is maintained, receives input from receptor, determines response

receives output from control center, either reduces or enhances stimuli

Most-used feedback mechanism in the body

The end response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

The end response enhances or stimulates the original stimulus

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

When the body's temperature rises above normal, the brain sends signals to various organs, including the skin, to release heat in the form of sweat

Standard anatomical body position

Body erect

Feet slightly apart

Palms facing forward

Thumbs point away from body

above toward head

below away from head

toward middle

away from middle

closer to limb attachment

farther from limb attachment

above skin

below skin

in front

behind

Head, neck, and trunk

limbs

top layer of skin

middle layer of skin

pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas

heart and blood vessels (arteries & veins)

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines

teeth, salivary glands. liver. and pancreas

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

testes, scrotum, and penis

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina

forehead- in cephalic region

eye/eye cavity- in cephalic region

nose- in cephalic region

mouth- in cephalic region

chin- in cephalic region

ear- in cephalic region

cheek- in cephalic region

neck

chest area

head area

breastbone- in thoracic region

Armpit- in thoracic region

Middle of body area

Belly button-in abdominal region

below abdominal in between hip bones

groin (above genitals)- in pelvic region

Genitals

shoulder- upper limb

top of arm in between elbow and shoulder- upper limb

front of elbow

elbow

forearm

hand area

thumb- manus

Palm- manus

Pointer finger

Back of hand

hip

thigh

knee