Studied by 9 peoplewhat are motives?
needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people toward a specific behavior
what is motivation?
a set of factors or motives (internal and external) that cause an individual to behave a certain way
or
the psychological feature that arouses us to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviours
what are the four motivational theories? (4)
drive theories
incentive theories
evolutionary theories
humanistic theories
what is need?
a deprevation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprevation
what is drive?
an internal state of tension that occurs because of a physiological need
what is the drive theory of motivation?
physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to satisfy the need
pushed by our internal needs to reduce drive
ex. need (for water) > drive (thirst) > drive-reducing behavior (drinking water)
what is incentive?
positive or negative stimulus that has the capacity to motivate behaviour
ex. A+ on a test, money, food
what is the incentive theory of motivation?
regulation by external stimuli
pulled by external incentives that lure / repel us
what is the evolutionary theory of motivation?
motivation aimed at promoting survival of the individual’s genes, maximizing reproductive success
what is the humanistic theory of motivation?
people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs
what is maslow’s hierarchy of needs? (5)
what type of satisfaction matters more in wealthy nations?
home-life satisfaction
what type of satisfation matters in poorer nations?
financial satisfaction
what is self-determination theory?
a theory concerned with the motivation behind the choices that people make without any external influence and interference
focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behaviour is self-motivated and self-determined
what are the three innate psychological needs proposed in the self-determination theory? (3)
need for competence (succeeding at tasks)
need for autonomy (having a choice)
need for relatedness ( mutual respect and reliance with others)
what is extrinsic motivation?
when an activity is done to attain some seperable outcome (doing an activity because of its instrumental value)
ex. getting paid, avoiding punishment
what is intrinsic motivation?
engaging in an activity for it’s inherent satisfaction
ex. drawing, sport (for the fun, not the award)
what is the facial-feedback hypothesis?
our body tells our brain how we are feeling, and our brain tells our body how we are feeling, “bi-directional influence”
what are the 5 theories of emotion? (5)
common sense theory
james-lange theory
cannon-bard theory
schacter’s two-factor theory
evolutionary theory
what is the common sense theory of emotion?
emotion then arousal
“I tremble because I feel afraid”
what is the james-lange theory of emotion?
arousal then emotion (stimulus causes emotion)
“I feel afraid because I tremble”
what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?
arousal and emotion at the same time
“The dog makes me tremble and feel afraid”
what is schacter’s two-factor theory of emotion?
arousal then look to external cues to decide what to feel (interpretation of arousal causes emotion)
“I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous”
what is the evolutionary theory of emotion?
emotions promote survival, natural reactions, arousal is the emotion
what is arousal spill over?
our arousal response to one event can effect our response to a subsequent event
we can experience emotions from one thing, and then attribute that emotion to another thing
there is a link between ______ / _______ and overeating.
heightened arousal / negative emotion
where in the brain is hunger regulated? (2)
the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)
where in the brain is hunger controlled? (2)
arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
what does the arcutate nucleus in the brain do?
contains a large group of neurons that are sensitive to incoming hunger signals, and another group of neurons that respond to satiety signals
what two hormones effect hunger signals? (2)
leptin and insulin
what are the three environmental factors that govern eating? (3)
the availability of food
learned preferences and habits
stress
what is sensory-specific satiety?
as you eat a specific food, its incentive value declines
what is one of the most important determinants of food intake?
social cues based on the behaviour of others
most of the evidence on biological influences on sexual behaviour come from what?
animal research
as we go up the phylogenetic scale (rats > primates > humans), biological influences are ______.
reduced
what are the four stages of the sexual response cycle? (4)
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
what is the gender gap in orgasm consistency?
men seem to reach orgasm more reliably than women
what is the parental investment theory?
theory that states a species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest - in terms of time, energy, and survival rate - to produce and nuture offspring
what does the parental investment theory predict about men and women?
it predicts that men will show more interest in:
- casual sexual activity
- variety in sexual partners
- willingness to engage in uncommited sex
what is a criticism of the evolutionary explanation of sexual behaviour?
observed gender differences could be due to social factors
ex. societal suppression of female sexuality, women may value male’s economic and material gains because their own economic potential has been limited
researchers found elevated rates of lesbianism among women exposed to unusually high ______ levels during prenatal development
androgen
what are some biological theories for sexual orientation? (3)
genetic predisposition
prenatal hormones
anatomical differences (anterior hypothalamus)
what are environmental theories explaining homosexuality? (2)
freudian theories
behaviourists
biological influences on sexual behavior are due to _____ , ___ in men and ______ in women.
hormones ; androgens ; estrogens
female sex drive is the strongest when?
during the ovulation period of the menstrual cycle
Note
Flashcard