Chap 15-16, APUSH

-improved character of ordinary Americans: more understanding, god-fearing, literate and focused on religion -against alcohol, tobacco, profanity, and post on sunday -pushed for women's movements, abolition and prison reform

-goals: ~longer terms ~higher pay for teachers ~expanded curriculum -key figures: ~Horace Man ~Noah Webster (textbooks) -accomplishments: ~increase of education for women ~more ppl educated -limitations: ~expensive luxury ~slaves excluded ~inaccessible to masses ~not many good colleges that offered a wide-curriculum ~higher education for women was frowned upon

-goals: ~decrease security of debtors prisons ~restructure asylums -key figures: ~Dorothea Dix -accomplishments: ~criminal codes softened ~unjust punishments slowly eliminated ~improved conditions + made people see people were ill involuntarily -limitations: ~persistent discrimination not absorbed ~wretched conditions + understanding of psychology limited ~mentally ill ppl thought to be possessed by demons

-goals: ~decrease alcohol consumption because it decreased working efficiency and it was dangerous, threatened family ~increase resistance -key figures: ~T.S. Arthur wrote book abt horrid things alcohol made ppl do ~Neal S. Dow (father of prohibition) -accomplishments: ~less drinking among women ~less per capita consumption of hard liquor -limitations: ~disagreements between legislature ~public sentiment hostile

-goals: ~increase political rights of women ~branch out into world and get rid of cult of domesticity ~also campaigned against slavery -key figures: ~Elizabeth Cady Stanton ~ Susan B. Anthony -accomplishments: ~seneca falls convention (declaration of sentiments) set movement into motion ~women graduate, admitted to college -limitations: ~any white male over 21 could vote ~movement over-shadowed by abolition movement

-goals: ~seeking human betterment by setting up societies of cooperative communistic nature -key figures: ~Mother Ann Lee (shakers) -accomplishments: ~flourished for period of time ~increase of new ideas -limitations: ~often these communities would fail due to various reasons(shakers = no children), ex: competition with the democratic free enterprise and free lands

-influx of more qualified/talented profession, allowed for fostering of education and new textbooks set new standards and clarity -medicine still primitive by modern standards (ill health treated incorrectly, ex: blood letting) -life expectancy short, 40 yrs for white person in 1850 -fad diets popular -medical progress in 1840s: several american doctors and dentists started to use laughing gas and ether as anesthetic, before patients were strapped down and given whiskey ~A's more interested in practical gadgets than pure science

-struggled to gain cultural autonomy -americans memicd greek and roman architecture and early american painters struggled to find ind. style (imitative portraits common) -> US exported artists to learn in Europe and imported art -after war of 1812: turned from human portraits to landscapes (celebrated divinity of nature), intro of lithograph created competition (cheaper and easily replicozy) -"mainstream" music emerged -no copyright= artists receiving little profits -painting and theater suffered bc there was not enough wealthy to sit and pay for art and entertainment in their leisure time

-literature became more authentic (not plagiarizing british) -romanticism emerged w/ nationalism -> emphasized imagination over reason and nature over civilization, etc:. -> emotion expression, and experimentation core values-lit celebrated human potential -> writing flowed like never before, self-reliant and encouraged US writers to throw off European traditions -> emergence of new ideals in writings -transcendentalism: every person posses inner light that guides them -American lit began receiving international recognition -social actions through literature and poetry -also explored darker topics (E. Poe)

-rejected that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses; they thought the truth rather "transcends" the senses -commitment to self-reliance, self-culture and self-discipline (these beliefs bred hostility to authority)

-huge agricultural factory -> yields bountiful and profits high -everyone began profiting off of slave labor (north needed cotton to support textile industry) -cotton = 1/2 value of all American exports after 1840 (helped economic growth) -> Britain dependent on South's cotton) -quick profit, made nation's wealthy grow

-heavily influenced by planter aristocracy -select group of wealthy slave owning controlled most political and social leadership -women slaves commanded by slave owner wives; relationships could be affectionate or brutal, almost no women believed in abolition

-dominance by a favored aristocracy was undemocratic (widened gap between rich and poor and hampered tax-supported education, rich sent kids to private school) -economic structure became monopolistic (land excessively cultivated small farmers moved war S -> rich got richer) -financial instability (overestimate how much could speculate, dependency on one crop -> at mercy of world conditions) -lowest immigration pop.

-leisurely money -> children private education -huge estates w/ 100+ slaves -women vital in maintaining household and staff of Female salves

-lived in small farm homes, worked alongside slaves -owned very few slaves and farms resembled small northern farmers -only 1/4 of S pop. owned slaves

-3/4 of all southern whites, simple living from thinner land of backcountry -raised corn and hogs, often lived isolated lives -no direct economic stake in preservation of slavery -mountain valleys

-hope of buying slaves through social mobility (american dream) -pride in racial superiority (comfort in knowing they outronned someone in stays)

-seen as expensive investments -> usually spared from dangerous work (would rather wage earning immis be injured) -sold down the river from soil exhausted farms to deep south -relied relied on women slaves to reproduce and masters forced attentions -slave auctions = families separated -no civil/political rights -> worked day and night -punishment common practice (flogging, whip) -blacks managed to maintain family and culture developing -prosperity riding on slaves meant that bloody beaten often -molded own religious practices (mixture of Christian and African)

-slowed pace of labor, flitched food from "big house", stole goods and hat had been purchased by their labor, sabotaged expensive equipment, poison master's food -runaway, insite revolts and rebellions (intimidation)

-wide spread loathing of blacks led to Amer.colonias society wanted to return slaves back to Africa (no longer Africans by AA w/ own distinct culture) -2nd great awakening made people re-evaluate slavery -> saw it as a sin -organized debates, speeches, published writings to gain support -some abolitionist protested by not consuming products of slavery (no slavery, no cotton)

-inspired more abolitionists to speak out against harms of slave practice -william lloyd garrison -> liberator -american anti-slavery society -protestant revival -> all men are created equal

-WLG used radical behavior to voice opposition (burned constitution) -douglas used politics to try and end slavery -abolitionist literature and drawings helped communicate to slave that they weren't alone -many supported wat as a price for emancipation

-viewed from different perspectives (some historians argued that slavery was a dying industry while others say it was increasing) -slavery worserinus bc it had lasting impacts on race equality -gender -> women's history and their role explored black women were accomplished as mothers, laborers, and assistants -slave culture and impact on AAs culture as a whole -some thought slavery worthwhile investment -1950s -> realized harshness

oral tradition of songs that imparted Christian values while describing hardships of slavery, important part of African culture especially in south

led an aborted slave rebellion in charleston in 1822, feuling S fears ab gov. intervention w/slavery. he was betrayed by informants and hung from gallows

reflecting focus of early abolitionist on transporting freed blacks back to Africa org, est. in Liberia, west-african settlement intended as a heaven for emancipates slower

leader of VA slave revolt that resulted in deaths of 60 whites and raised fears among white southerners of further uprisings

publisher of anti-slavery newspaper "the liberator". was radical and often target of mob outrage; started American Anti-slavery society

most prominent black abolitionist of the era and a former slave; published auto-biography and gave speeches in hopes of gaining support

prohibited debate or action on anti-slavery appeals. driven through house by pro-slavery southerners; passed every yr for 8 yrs, eventually overturned w/ help of JQA

reerand who opposed slavery and doubted the chastity of catholic women; was killed up by a mob and became known as the "martyr abolitionist"

black abolitionist who wrote the "appeal to the colored citizens of the world" which advocated bloody end to slavery