Psych 120 Mod 3 Test

The wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Pursuit of motivation because of internal factors.

Pursuit of an activity because of external factors.

Organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis.

Drive that is biological.

Drive that is learned

Motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological and psychological arousal.

Motivated by Intrinsic goals and want to feel in control of destiny.

Specific and achievable

goals we seek to aspire.

goals we want to avoid

performing well in front of others, be judged well

increasing competence and skills

Choice between two appealing activities or goals (win-win scenario)

Choice between the “lesser of two evils” (lose-lose scenario)

Choice has both positive and negative outcomes.

The traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

Unit of personality

Can be situational or dispositional.

Tendency to attribute motivations of others more to personality factors than to situational factors

based on the assumption that the test taker will project unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus.

answers a series of questions about self.

Person is asked to tell a story about the “Hero” in the picture.

Shows the person an ambiguous stimulus, ask them to explain what they see.

Measures personality across several personality types

Differing meaning of personalities between people

Extroversion or Introversion

Sensing or Intuition

Thinking or Feeling

Judging or Perceiving

Used to identify how traits cluster together across the population.

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

depends on genetics; parenting will vary according to the child’s personality.

Looks at how children may learn personality through imitation and cognitive processes.

addresses how cognitive processes, behaviors and situational factors all interact to reinforce or punish personality traits.

emphasizes interactions between different components of personality.

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency period, Genitial

Focused on personality development as part of our quest for growth and achievement of potential.

Emphasized pursuit of self-actualization

Importance of unconditional positive regard, and congruence between real self and ideal self. (led to Positive Psychology)

Single cell zygote develops into an embryo, then a fetus (require proper care)

external/environmental contaminants that can penetrate the maternal protections of pregnancy and cause harm to the fetus. (drugs and alcohol)

Stimulation builds quickly; binocular depth perception by 4-5m, 20/20 by 6m

Innate, unlearned, adaptive behaviors (grasping, stepping, basic swim reflex)

Driven by improving skills to organize information.

(Sensorimotor) Thought is centered around senses and motor skills.

(Preoperational) Follows the onset of mental representation at end of sensorimotor

Tendency to focus on only one dimension of a problem.

Tendency to only be able to reason about a problem from one’s own viewpoint.

(Concrete Operations) onset of logical but not abstract thought

(Formal Operations) Ability to think abstractly, sense of self.

Tasks were too abstract, underestimated the capabilities of young children.

Gender identity is based on reinforcement and punishment. (Social Learning)

Children categorize or develop gender schemata. (built for input form environment)

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

Strict punishment and rules (Children end up withdrawn and distrustful)

Not demanding, Rarely punish (Children tend to be disruptive, immature, undisciplined)

Use reason in explaining punishment (Children feel more secure, more confident, and exploratory)

Physical discipline often stimulates aggression.

Attempt to reason with the child

ignoring, isolating the child

Changes across all dimensions (Obesity rates increase)

Mainly female (greater emphasis on body appearance)

Metabolism settles post adolescence, important to get exercise and eat well.

Shows decline in sensory/physical performance

Emerged in the 70’s, Research does not support it.

Largest part of population is 85+

Inevitable process of deterioration

Product of abuse, disease, poor care

How old your abilities are relative to your chronological age.

Deterioration in cognitive functioning from physiological causes

Highly heritable, progressive, degenerative neurological disorder (Leads to loss of memory)

Rules that govern our behavior in social context.

Pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.

Shows that people can easily fall into roles and become subject to norms.

Maximize the authority figure using different methods.

Having the teacher commit first to less dangerous steps.

Loss of awareness of one’s own identity in a group. (Can lead to mob mentailty)

Tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions (leads to social loafing)

People stand and watch rather than taking action

Tendency of people to go along with the group (peer pressure)

Tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement

Assign devils advocate, majority rule voting, creating rewarding conditions.

Stable opinion based on both cognition and emotion.

You are aware of your attitude

You are not aware of your attitude

we infer our attitudes based on internal observation of our own behavior.

an attitude driven by negative feelings about an individual in a group.

Negative beliefs about an individual based solely on group membership.

Negative behavior toward individuals based on their group membership.

Discriminator gets acted upon in a negative way from victim.

An effort made to change an attitude.

An effort to persuade based primarily on the merits of an argument.

An effort to persuade by using methods other than the direct argument

Trying to change the belief only makes the belief stronger.

More likely to believe something when it is repeated

suggests increased liking based on perceptual fluency (humans are lazy)

Prophecy in which you learn you have no self efficacy, and act accordingly

Conscience

Angel on your right shoulder