mi unit 2

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

is shaded/colored

Half-Shade

unshaded

determined by many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype

multifactorial disorders

change or mutation in one gene

sickle cell and cystic fibrosis

dwarfism and huntington's disease

passed on the sex chromosomes (the X or the Y)

because women have 2 X chromosomes and only need one to function while men have only 1 X-chromosome

Leber's heditatry optic nueropathy

colorblindness, duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia

mitochondrial disorders

not having enough or having extra chromosomes

Down Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome

karotypes

genetic screening

test that is typically done on adult couples who are considering having children and want to determine if those children could inherit any diseases.

blood sample is drawn, DNA is extracted and amplified using PCR, and then DNA goes under testing for diseases.

often used by people with known autosomal dominant or sex-linked conditions that they do not want to pass on to their children

eggs are fertilized in a vitro dish and after they are developed, a single cell from each embryo is removed, amplified, and tested for the trait the parents dont want to pass

when fetuses are inside the mommy

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

14-20 weeks

the examination of cells retrieved from the placenta

miscarriage

the testing of infants shortly after birth

A small sample of blood is taken from the baby, and DNA is isolated from it for testing purposes

for inherited diseases if the parents choose not to implement measures that complete this testing while the baby is still in utero

polymerase chain reaction

taq polymerse, DNA primers, and DNA nucleotides

denaturation

high temperature breaks hydrogen bonds that hold the double stranded DNA together.

annealing

dna primers are added to the dna mixture and dna primers are binding to dna

so taht the DNA is reading for copying

extension

taq polymerse is used to copy bacterial dna before bacterial cells divide.

genetic code for traits that we possess

gel electrophoresis

separates DNA from cell waste

so that different versions of the gene, "bad" or "good", can be distinguished

reveals the genotype of the individual being tested

the first

the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

viruses

retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes simplex viruses, liposomes, and naked DNA.

providing unaffected genes to people carrying specific genes

a method of separating sperm that carry Y chromosomes from sperm that carry X chromosomes; you can choose gender of the baby

-can be any size -dna -dont generate immune response -dont do genome integration -less efficient, therefore result in low protein levels

-dna -double stranded -only infects nervous cells -creates immune response

-dna -double stranded -can enter differing cell types -creates immune response -results in high levels of protein

-rna -only infects dividing cells -creates immune response -integrate with genes randomly

-dna -single stranded -can enter different amount of cells -create permanent genome integration

-rna -can enter different types of cells -integrates with genes randomly

an inherited disease that affects glands, causing buildup of mucus, which blocks the ducts

CFTR gene which controls salt and balance of water in the body

adeno-associated

chronic villus sampling

amniocentesis

ultrasound

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

down syndrome

alzeheimer’s disease

sequencing

electrical current

size

denaturation, annealing, extension

single gene mutation

whether its RNA or DNA

sperm sortinga and PGD

chromosomal

single gene recessive

CVS

retrovirus

herpes-simplex virus

single gene

chromosomal

IVF