Unit 8: Clinical Psychology

of psychology suggests that disordered behavior is, in part, a result of people being too sensitive to the criticisms and judgments of others.

views disordered behavior as the result of faulty or illogical thoughts.

to disordered behavior is based on the notion that all behavior, including disordered behavior, is learned.

of disordered behavior, which is a popular one in the United States at the present time, views disordered behavior as a manifestation of abnormal brain function, due to either structural or chemical abnormalities in the brain.

holds that society and culture help define what is acceptable behavior.

is the American Psychiatric Association’s handbook for the identification and classification of behavioral disorders.

(formerly known as mental retardation) is characterized by delayed development in general mental abilities (reasoning, problem-solving, judgment, academic learning, etc.).

is a neurodevelopmental disorder that often manifests early on in childhood development.

is described as patterned inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

are beliefs that are not based in reality, such as believing that one can fly, that one is the president of a country, or that one is being pursued by the CIA (assuming that these things are not true).

are perceptions that are not based in reality, such as seeing things or hearing voices that are not there, or feeling spiders on one’s skin (assuming they are not really there).

of schizophrenic disorders refers to something that a person has that typical people do not.

refers to something that typical people do have, but that one does not have.

as the name suggests, involves movement between two poles

involve the presence of a sad, empty, or irritable mood, combined with changes in thinking and bodily functioning that significantly impair one’s ability to function.

is an emotional response to something present; anxiety is a related emotional response, but to a future threat or a possibility of danger.

is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks, as well as the constant worry of another panic attack occurring.

is an anxiety disorder characterized by an almost constant state of autonomic nervous system arousal and feelings of dread and worry.

or persistent, irrational fears of common events or objects, are also anxiety disorders.

for example, is the fear of being in open spaces, public places, or other places from which escape is perceived to be difficult.

are intrusive (unwanted) thoughts, urges, or images that plague the individual.

are repetitive behaviors (or mental acts) that one feels compelled to perform, often in relation to an obsession.

which can involve intrusive thoughts or dreams related to the trauma, irritability, avoidance of situations that might recall the traumatic event, sleep disturbances, diminished interest in formerly pleasurable activities, and social withdrawal.

which can occur in seriously neglected children who are unable to form attachments to their adult caregivers, and adjustment disorders, or maladaptive responses to particular stressors.

an inability to recall life events that goes far beyond normal forgetting.

(formerly known as multiple personality disorder), in which one may not only “lose time,” but also manifest a separate personality during that lost time.

involves, as one might expect, bodily symptoms combined with disordered thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors connected to these symptoms.

involves, as one might expect, bodily symptoms combined with disordered thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors connected to these symptoms.

(formerly known as hysteria) involves bodily symptoms like changed motor function or changed sensory function that are incompatible with neurological explanations.

in which an individual knowingly falsified symptoms in order to get medical care, or sympathy or aid from others.

(commonly called anorexia) involves not only restriction of food intake, but also intense fear of gaining weight and disturbances in self-perception, such as thinking one looks fat, when one does not.

(commonly called bulimia) involves recurrent episodes of binge-eating

might be thought of as bulimia without purging.

refers to regular consumption of non-nutritive substances (plastic, paper, dirt, string, chalk, etc.).

includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

involves a very stormy relationship with the world, with others, and with one’s own feelings.

involves a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, beyond what might be considered normal (even in a “culture of selfies”).

involves an overinflated sense of self-importance, fantasies of success, beliefs that one is special, a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy for others, and a display of arrogant behaviors or attitudes.

includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

involves an enduring pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to real or perceived criticism, which lead to avoidance behavior in relation to social, personal, and intimate relationships.

is marked by an excessive need to be cared for, leading to clingy and submissive behavior and fears of separation.

is marked by a rigid concern with order, perfectionism, control, and work, at the expense of flexibility, spontaneity, openness, and play.

or psychoanalytic therapy, as it is sometimes called, was first developed by Freud and focuses on probing past defense mechanisms of repression and rationalization to understand the unconscious cause of a problem.

may occur if the therapist transfers his or her own feelings onto the patient.

was invented by Carl Rogers and involves the assumption that clients can be understood only in terms of their own realities.

is a term used in psychology to refer to an attitude of acceptance and warmth towards another person, regardless of their behavior or beliefs.

is the ability to accurately understand and identify what someone else is feeling.

stands in dramatic contrast to the insight therapies.

is a technique in which a response to a given stimulus is replaced by a different response.

is a similar technique, in which the client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting them.

is a behavior-control technique that we discussed in the chapter on learning.

is a therapeutic approach based on Bandura’s social learning theory.

include arbitrary inference, in which a person draws conclusions without evidence, and dichotomous thinking, which involves all-or-none conceptions of situations.

is a form of treatment in which fairly high voltages of electricity are passed across a patient’s head.

is the treatment of psychological and behavioral maladaptations with drugs.

like Clozapine, Thorazine, and Haldol reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the neural receptors for dopamine.

can be grouped into three types

like Eutron, work by increasing the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft.

like Norpramin, Amitriptyline, and Imipramine increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine.

which also include Valium (Diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide), cause muscle relaxation and a feeling of tranquility.

a salt, is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

in which clients meet together with a therapist as an interactive group, has some advantages over individual therapy.

are one form of group therapy, although they are usually not moderated by professional psychotherapists.