Chapter 18: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions

________ can be located by detecting the radiation they emit.

When a(n) ________, particles and energy called nuclear radiation are emitted from it.

________ can be used to stop some types of cancerous cells from growing.

________: used to detect alpha or beta particle radiation.

For ________ to occur, positively charged nuclei must get close to each other.

________ that are stripped off gas molecules in a Geiger counter move to a positively charged wire in the device.

________: When a radioisotope is used to find or keep track of molecules in an organism.

________ cause less damage to biological molecules as they pass through living tissue.

________: made of two protons and two neutron.

________ also can be used to estimate the ages of rocks.

________: The process of nuclear decay.

________: the process of changing one element to another through nuclear decay.

________: a device that measures the amount of radiation by producing an electric current when it detects a charged particle.

The ________ left after the isotope decays is called the daughter ________.

________: the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction.

________: the amount of time it takes for half the nuclei in a sample of the isotope to decay.

________: The process of splitting a nucleus into several smaller nuclei.

________ is an electromagnetic wave.

________ are much faster and more penetrating than alpha particles.

________ tend to be unstable and can break apart or decay.

The ________ to protons is related to the stability of the nucleus.

________ moving through the air can remove electrons from some molecules in air.

In ________, two protons and two neutrons are lost from the nucleus.

________ lose energy more quickly when they interact with matter than the other types of nuclear radiation do.

Traces of naturally occurring ________ are found in the food, water, and air consumed by all animals and plants.

________: the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction.

________: electromagnetic waves with the highest frequencies and the shortest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.

When ________ pass through matter, they exert an electric force on the electrons in atoms in their path.

________ is low- level radiation emitted mainly by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes found in Earths rocks, soils, and atmosphere.

The ________ carbon- 14 often is used to estimate the ages of plant and animal remains.

A(n) ________ is the same as the nucleus of a helium atom and has a charge of +2 and an atomic mass of 4.

________ can be stopped by a sheet of paper.

When an atom emits a(n) ________, it has two fewer protons, so it is a different element.

________ can be dangerous if they are released by radioactive atoms inside the human body.

causes protons and neutrons to be attracted to each other

The process of nuclear decay

made of two protons and two neutron

the process of changing one element to another through nuclear decay

electron emitted from the nucleus in a neutron decay

used to detect alpha or beta particle radiation

holds a superheated liquid, which doesnt boil because the pressure in the chamber is high

The process of splitting a nucleus into several smaller nuclei

The series of repeated fission reactions caused by the release of neutrons in each reaction

the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction

the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction