COMM 1ST TERM (2ND SEM)

DEFINING THE COMMUNICATION

is the art and process of creating and sharing ideas.

imparting or exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs.

ACCORDING TO KINCAID AND SCHRAMM:

Communication as a process and its four attributes:

Consist of group of elements which interact to influence each other and the system as a whole

On-going; ever-changing, with no clear beginnings and endings

Meanings are in people, not in words.

Language is a form of symbol. “The medium shapes the message “

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

a person who convey idea or information

a person or group of persons at the other end of the communication process (Berlo, 1961)

➢idea, purpose, or intention that has been translated into code or systematic set of symbols (Berlo, 1961)

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS 3 Factors:

any group of symbols that can be structured in a way that is meaningful to some person

the material in the message selected by the source to express his/her purpose

decisions that the communication source makes in selecting and arranging both code and content

➢ The medium through which the message travels is called as channel

Channel/Medium is determined by:

Purposes of Communication:

the outcome of a communication or the response of the receiver to the message of the source.

obvious or visible; responses include non-verbal cues (nodding of head, signing of a contract).

non-observable but sometimes they are the most important.

• communication response is feedback to both source and receiver.

• Feedback could take form of non-verbal or verbal cues.

Types of Communication

communication takes place through face-to-face conversations, group discussions, counseling, interview, radio, television, calls, memos, letters, reports, notes, email etc.

2 Major Forms of Verbal Communication:

includes traditional pen and paper, letters and documents, typed electronic documents, e-mails, text chats, SMS and anything else conveyed through written symbols such as language

either face-to-face or through phone, voice chat, video conferencing or any other medium

messages or information is exchanged or communicated without using any spoken or written word

Few Steps to Develop your Verbal Communication Skills

Characteristics of Non-Verbal Communication

non-verbal communication is a communication without words or language.

non-verbal communication is learnt in childhood, passed on to you by your parents and others with whom you associate

non-verbal symbols can many meanings. cross-culture aspects give various meanings to same expression in respect of non-verbal communication.

non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise.

non-verbal communication is so deeply rooted, so unconscious, that you can express a verbal message and then directly contradict it with a nonverbal message.

non-verbal communication is unconscious in the sense that it is usually not planned nor rehearsed. It comes almost instantaneously

facial expressions, gestures, body movements, the way you use your eyes – all communicate your feelings and emotions to others.

Non verbal communication does not follow any rules, formality or structure like other communication.

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

communication with oneself

person-to-person communication

communicating with large groups of people at one time through the use of mass media such as the press, radio, and film

Jamias used the following formula to explain the factors that contribute to effective communication:

CLASSIFYING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

how accurately the message can be transmitted. (e.g. radio static; bad cellular signal.

how precisely the meaning is conveyed. (e.g. translating a publication from one language to another.

how effectively does the received message affect behavior. (e.g. editor makes comments for the purpose of making a piece of writing more concise or precise.

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

• e.g. static, wrong spelling, letters too small to read, dead air on the radio.

• • these affect the channel, medium, or instrument used in transmitting a message. in turn, they affect the fidelity of the message.

• • fidelity means that the message received is faithful to the one sent.

• e.g. uncomfortable sitting arrangements, rooms that are too hot, wall paper is too bright, meeting right after lunch.

• • barriers that are present in the environment in which a communication takes place.

• • they are external to the communication process but may create conditions under which communication effectiveness is hampered.

• it happens when the message received as sent but the meaning received was different from the meaning sent.

• • occurs when we use, hear, or read words with double meanings.

• • e.g. gay meant happy or joyful

• • language serves as a bridge between peoples and culture, however, it can also serve as a barrier

• e.g. emotional blocks, charisma, stereotyping, first impressions, and absent-mindedness

• • Stereotyping – means judging people before you know all the facts about them; believing that they have common characteristics common among members of each group.

• Ethnocentrism – in viewing a group or culture as superior to all others.

• • e.g. we interpret messages from the context of our experiences. Most of the time it help us respond appropriately to stimuli, however at times, negative experiences makes us dysfunctional (disbelief, rejection, distortion, or misinterpretation).

Common Barriers to Effective Communication

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

The imparting or exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs

• A system of moral principles

• Deals with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions

The principle governing communication, the right and wrong aspects of it, the moral-immoral dimensions relevant to interpersonal communication are called the ethics of interpersonal communication

The principle of honesty on both sides should be completely applied because any amount of insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not be prudent

Fundamentals of Ethical Communication

Threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of individuals and the society

Principles of Ethical Communication

refers to communication with another person

Interpersonal communication is divided into

– is communication between two people or creatures

– is a method to share programs, ideas or propaganda to public. To give people new information or knowledge. Message can come from personal, company and government

– when more than 2 persons exchange their information face to face. A group consists of at least 3 members and at a maximum of around 12 to 15 members. - 2 and more than 15 members not considered as small grou

➢The most frequent basis of our decision making processes, expressing a commitment to the most basic principles.

➢Focuses on the results and whether or not it would benefit the majority

➢Concerned with moral character and places more weight or value on the dignity of an individual and a humanity’s task of caring for one another.

There is no absolute approach to situations, each situation should be addressed as different from each other.

Seven C’s of Effective Communication

Three Different Types of Communication

• entails the use of words in delivering the intended message

2 Major Forms of ___Communication:

1. Written

2. Oral

entails communicating by sending and receiving a wordless message

2 Major Forms of ___

• Physical non-verbal communication or body language

• Paralanguage - the way something is said, rather than what is actually said , is an important component of nonverbal communication

Other forms of nonverbal communication

____ communication through visual aids such as signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, color and other electronic resources

A __ is widely used to depict any idea, thought or a concept in a more simpler way through diagrams, pictorial representations etc.

According to this model, the speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the one who takes complete charge of the communication

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle model of communication is the__ to excel in public speaking, seminars, lectures where the sender makes his point clear by designing an impressive content, passing on the message to the second part and they simply respond accordingly

• this model of communication takes into account the emotional aspect of the message.

• it operates on the SMCR model.

Berlo’s Model of Communication

SMCR stand for?

The __ in other words also called the sender is the one from whom the thought originates.

enumerate all the elements under “Source”

When an individual converts his thoughts into words, a __ is created.

The process is also called as __

enumerate all the elements under “Message”

All the five senses are the __which help human beings to communicate with each other.

When the message reaches the__, he tries to understand what the listener actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly.

Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of communication:

most popular model of communication and is widely accepted all over the world.

Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Problems with the Mathematical model of Claude Shannon and Warren Weave

proposed the model of communication in 1954

It can be used to determine how communication between two people works when they’re exchanging information, ideas, or attitudes.