Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors

central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

contains the brain and the spinal cord

subdivided into somatic & autonomic nervous system

subdivided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

work on parasympathetic nervous system

work on sympathetic nervous system

regulate the heart, regulate the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, and bronchial) and regulate the smooth muscles (bronchi, blood vessels, urogenital system, gastrointestinal system)

regulates unconscious body functions to maintain homeostasis

nerve fibers: arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord join at prevertebral ganglion, then from here nerve fibers exit and connect to the vital organs

dilation of pupils of the eyes and bronchioles of lungs, increases HR, BG concentration, blood to skeletal muscle

slows peristaltic action, decreases glandular secretions, blood to digestive organs, relaxes muscles of gallbladder and urinary bladder

Nerve fibers: (preganglionic) that arise from brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord to join the nerve fibers (postganglionic) in the muscles and glands

constricts pupils of the eyes and bronchioles of the lungs, decreases HR, blood glucose concentration, blood to skeletal muscles

increases peristaltic action, glandular secretions, blood to digestive organs, contracts muscles of gallbladder and urinary bladder

promote the digestion of food, promote the excretion of waste, promote the control of vision, promote the conservation of energy

regulation of the cardiovascular system, maintaining blood flow to the brain, redistributing blood and compensating for the loss of blood

regulation of temperature: blood flow to the skin, promotes sweat and erector pili. Implementation of fight or flight reaction: increasing HR and blood pressure, shunting blood away from the skin, dilating the bronchi and pupils, mobilizing stored energy

slows HR

accelerates HR

mediated by acetylcholine

mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine

Nicotinic N, Nicotinic M, Muscarinic

Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2, Dopamine

Agents that influence the activity of cholinergic receptors, most mimic or block the actions of acetylcholine

prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

primarily releases acetylcholine at the end of the postganglionic nerve fibers to influence effector organs by stimulating cholinergic receptors, creating the effects we expect to see in when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated

located between preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers

promote the synaptic communication between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers through the use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

located at neuromuscular junctions and are responsive to acetylcholine

the impulse from a neuron to a muscle cell signals contraction and is responsible for muscle tone

acetylcholine receptors

Play several roles; including acting as the main end receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system

increase exocrine gland secretions

located in heart and slow down heart rate by slowing speed of depolarization

located in smooth muscles of blood vessels and lungs

increase intracellular calcium and cause contraction of smooth muscle; stimulate secretion in salivary glands and stomach and excitation in GI tract

primarily releases norepinephrine pr epinephrine

released at the end of the postganglionic nerve fibers to influence effector organs by stimulating adrenergic receptors, creating the effects we expect to see when the sympathetic nervous system is activated

located on blood vessels. when turned on cause vasoconstriction, ejaculation and contraction of the bladder neck and prostate

located in the CNS, platelets, exocrine glands of the pancreas, liver. When turned on inhibit insulin and enzyme release from pancreas, inhibit gallbladder contractions

inhibit release of NE and can decrease hypertension crisis, produce sedation and analgesia, partially block acute withdrawal symptoms in chronic opioid users

located in the heart and kidneys

increases HR, including speed and strength of contraction, Increases the release of renin in the kidneys to stimulate the RAAS feedback for blood pressure regulation

located in the lungs, coronary blood vessels and smooth muscle of digestive systems

produces bronchodilation, dilation of the lung and heart blood vessels, decreased motility and tone of digestive system