organelles

• regulates what enters & leaves the cell

• selectively permiable

• a jelly-like substance enclosed by a cell membrane

• provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

liquid portion of cytoplasm

in the cytoplasm

• controls the normal activities of the cell

• largest organelle

• makes up chromosomes inside the nucleus

• hereditary material of the cell

• a double membrane surrounding the nucleus

• contains nuclear pores

• connected to the ER

• regulates what enters & leaves nucleus

• RNA & ribosomes can leave

• contain genes that control the characteristics of the cell

• in dividing cells, formed by condensed DNA wrapped around proteins

when DNA is spread out & appears as a mass (in non-diving cells)

• inside the nucleus

• cells may contain 1-3

• disappear during cell division & reappear later

• makes ribosomes that make proteins

• make proteins for the cell

• made of proteins and RNA

• made of proteins

  Functions:

• helps maintain cell shape

• helps move organelles around

threadlike proteins in the cytoskeleton

tubelike proteins in the cytoskeleton

the protein in microfilaments

the protein in microtubules

• only in animal cells

• come in pairs

• found near the nucleus

• made of a bundle of microtubules

• during cell division, they help to pull chromosomes apart.

• powerhouse of the cell

• generates cellular energy/ATP

• more active cells have more mitochondria (ex. muscles)

• found in all eukaryotic cells

• surrounded by double membrane

• has its own DNA

mitochondria

• inner membrane of mitochondria

• folded to increase surface area for more chemical reactions

interior compartment of the mitochondria

• network of hollow membrane tubes

• connected to nuclear envelope & cell membrane

• functions in synthesis & transport of cell products

proteins are made in ribosomes on its surface and threaded into interior of the ER to be modified & transported (export)

• no ribosomes

• attached to ends of rough ER

• makes cell products for use inside the cell

1. makes membrane lipids

2. regulates calcium

3. destroys toxic substances (liver)

nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane

when ribosomes join amino acids to make proteins

found in the cytoplasm & used inside the cell

• look like stacks of pancakes/flattened sacs

• Trans face: shipping (export)

• Cis face: receiving (ER to Golgi)

• proteins modified by this come from RER

transport proteins from ER to Golgi & from Golgi to cell membrane

• contain digestive enzymes

• break down food, bacteria, & worn out cell parts

• function: cell digestion

programmed cell death

when the cell is destroyed after an injury or death

the process of which lysosomes take in food

1. Moving cells

2. moving fluids across the cell’s surface

3. moving particles across the cell’s surface

9+2

• shorter & more numerous

• Ex- Respiratory system: Moves dust particles away from lungs

• longer & fewer (usually 1-3)

• only cell in advanced animal w/ this is sperm

• fluid-filled sacs for storage

• present in plant cells

• stored in central vacuoles

• contains substances like water, toxins harmful to the plant, salts, wastes, and enzymes

• found in unicellular protists like paramecia

• regulates water by pumping out excess (homeostasis)

• keeps cell from bursting

• nonliving layer found in plants , fungi, & bacteria

• support & protect the cell

• outside the cell membrane

cellulose

peptidoglycan

chitin

• pigment found inside chloroplasts

• captures the energy from the sun & uses it to make food

• embedded inside thylakoid membrane

• found in producers that are photoautotrophs (eukaryotes)

• surrounded by a double membrane

• contain their own DNA (so they can reproduce themselves), pigments, & enzymes

smooth

modified into sacs (thylakoids)

stacks of thylakoids that are interconnected

gel like material surrounding thylakoids

animal / bacteria / fungi

the food making process that takes place inside of chloroplasts

digest fatty acids & alcohol

oxidative enzyme

• found in plants & algae

• do photosynthesis

• 3 types: chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts

plastids where you store starch

plastids that store brightly-colored pigment (make carrots orange, attract insects to flowers)